旅居型移民的聚居区形成机制及其社会融合研究

Against the context of rapid development of China’s economics and further opening to the world economy, the number of “sojourned transmigrants” in China soared over the last decade. Though most of the transmigrants tend to sojourn for less than five years in major metropolises such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, their emergence has gradually contributed to the reconstruction of urban social space in China. Now, ethnic enclaves which constituted by different national groups have took their shapes in major metropolises on the basis of transmigrants’ preference for living close to their compatriots. The topic has attracted widespread attention from scholars and the public. Previous studies have shown that transmigrants’ survival strategies and mundane practices (such as residential space, ethnic economy, and social relationship) vary by their ethnicity, and also vary from city to city even if they are constituted by the same ethnic group. Thus, ethnic enclaves in different cities present different characteristics in their formation and development processes, but share some characteristics: these enclaves are all gated communities, and their community members tend to continue their homeland lifestyles. On the other hand, ethnic groups with different nationalities or nations tend to have diverse social integration routes or modes. This project conducts research on Japanese Transmigrants (who are the third largest ethnic group in China) in order to discuss the following contents: (1) the history of the development of transmigrants in China since the reform and opening up, and the introduction of the new conception- “sojourned transmigrants”; (2) the forming mechanism of Japanese enclaves from cities’ and immigrants’ perspectives, and types of ethnic enclaves in China’s cities; (3) the social integration of Japanese Transmigrants; (4) the regulation and policies on ethnic groups and their enclaves. The project intends to answer how ethnic enclaves are shaped by the factors of ethnicity and cities, and why ethnic enclaves vary from city to city. Besides, the project also intends to answer why the “sojourned transmigrants” continue to rise in China, and the routes and modes of transmigrants’ social integration. Based on these discussions, the project points out that ethnic enclaves in China’s context is different from its counterparts in the west, where they are usually treated as a grave social problem brought by social deprivation and spatial differentiation. Therefore, the project is expected to offer advice on the residential space and social integration of “sojourned transmigrants”, which are in accordance with the larger framework of the internationalization of China’s cities and immigration regulation, and also with the interest demands expressed by ethnic groups. Since it is hard to conduct systematic investigation of transmigrants in China, the project is of great importance to promote both transmigrants’ study and international social space study in cities of China.

随着中国的移民目的地特征日渐明显，一方面，“旅居型移民”正日益成为中国城市社会空间重构的全新因子，城市中已形成了以国籍或民族为特征的跨国移民社区，但中国的跨国移民社区形成机制复杂，目前相关研究不足；另一方面，不同来源地、族群的跨国移民在融入中国社会的过程中出现了不同的路径和模式。本项目以常住外国人口规模第三位的在华日本人为研究对象，分析其在城市中形成的日本人聚居区的形成机制，进而探讨在华日本人的社会融合路径和模式，并分析日本人聚居区对日本人社会融合的影响；最后，提出针对性的旅居型移民及其社区管治的政策建议。本项目希望一方面解决跨国移民社区如何在中国城市中出现和发展的形成机制问题，另一方面解决如何正确理解和应对中国国情下旅居型移民的出现和增多，以及旅居型移民的社会融合问题。进而提出既符合当前中国城市国际化发展和移民管治的目标，也符合移民群体自身的利益诉求的居住模式以及社会融合措施。

近20年以来，经济高度发展的中国，吸引了越来越多的外国人“来华逐梦”。在华外国人的活动对当地城市经济社会等诸多方面产生着重大影响，同时其活动空间也受到所在地城市的设施水平和移民政策等方面的深刻作用。对于旅居属性占主导地位的“旅居型移民”而言，如何快速适应当地生活、顺利开展业务活动或事业才是其关注的重心。在上述的问题意识下，中国的跨国移民研究存在以下亟需解决的两大问题：第一，兴起于中国城市中的移民社区的形成机制；第二，旅居型移民的特点及其社会融合路径和模式。为应对和推进解决上述两大研究问题，本项目以北京、上海、广州、佛山等城市为案例，以实地调查研究为重心，采用结构化与半结构化访谈和问卷调查相结合的方法收集数据。实证研究发现：（1）在京韩国人以企业、商贸、教育指向型居多，在沪日本人以企业指向型为主，在穗非洲人以贸易指向型为主，这一特征说明北上广不同的城市职能差异；（2）北上广的移民社区均形成于相似的宏观制度环境，生产活动的全球性重组、国家间关系、国家制度和外国人管理政策等因素共同影响了移民社区在大城市的兴起，但由于不同的城市软硬件环境与在华外国人的身份属性互动影响，也形成了各具特色的移民社区，概括为耦合型（北京望京）、特区型（上海古北）和族裔型（广州小北）；（3）在沪日本人主要进入以日企或同胞为对象的外国人劳动力市场，存在聚居在日本人聚居区的居住偏好，日常消费方面高度依赖于日本人族裔经济等原因，导致他们的工作和生活基本都局限在自我构建的封闭的当地日本人社会中，社会融合程度普遍不高；（4）在新媒体的影响下，资本竞争、旅游环境变化以及新型社交方式是佛山日本街兴起的主要动力要素，社交平台用户对佛山日本街的讨论主要聚焦于文化原真性和抄袭侵权两个方面，导致其塑造的形象是正面与负面并存。.基于以上发现，本项目厘清了移民社区如何在中国城市中出现和发展、不同城市为何出现不同移民社区的问题，以及旅居型移民目前面临的社会融合现状和问题，有助于促进理解和应对中国国情下旅居型移民的出现和增多的现象。其次，中国城市的国际化已进入引资（资本国际化）和引人（人口国际化）并进的新阶段，应当进一步重视对大城市外国人应当进一步重视对大城市外国人聚居区的治理及服务的引导、规范，发挥其示范带动作用，推动中国对外开放深度高质量发展。.本项目共资助发表学术论文3篇，基本完成目标计划要求。