消费导向旅游移民社会融合研究：态势、机制与路径

The rapid growth of tourism has promoted population’s mobility, which facilitates the development of consumption-led tourism migration. In recent years, there has been a large number of consumption-led migrants(snowbirds) regularly moving to destinations in special seasons in China. However, conflicts between consumption-led immigrants and local community are increasingly sharp too due to their differences in culture, habits and lifestyle and so on. It is necessary to explore how to improve their adaptation to each other and mitigate social clashes, through which would maintain the sustainable development of destinations. Therefore, the project will focus on the integration state, mechanism and ways of consumption-led migration based on theories of social integration, consumer behavior, stakeholders, etc. Taking Sanya City as a case, the project will first investigate snowbirds' behavior in terms of consumption, social and cultural activities and so on. Then, by means of a more comprehensive evaluation system involving both immigrants and residents, the degree of immigrants’ adaptation and locals’ acceptance will be analyzed and the whole integration state will be evaluated in terms of economy, culture, identity and psychology integration. Furtherly, the research will examine what factors affect snowbirds’ social integration, how and to what extent these factors affect it. Followed, using the path analysis technique, the programme will try to find the key routes that help to facilitate both snowbirds and local residents to adapt to each other. Finally, suggestions promoting the mutual integration between immigrants and local community will be proposed. The study will be benefit to enrich the migration research fields and promote the process of consumption-led migration study in China. Practically, the research result will supply data and references for the government to make policies.

旅游业加快了人口的流动和迁移，促进我国大批消费导向旅游移民（“候鸟”）季节性地流向目的地。旅游消费移民与目的地居民因文化背景、生活习俗等差异而引发的各种矛盾也日渐突出。研究如何促进双方的融合，减缓社会矛盾有助于维护目的地旅游业的可持续发展及和谐社会的建立。项目以三亚为例，以社会融合理论、利益相关者理论、消费行为理论等为指导，在分析“候鸟”行为特征的基础上，从经济、文化、身份和心理方面评估“候鸟”的社会融合状态。在此基础上，利用验证性因子分析方法，从人力资本、社会资本和制度政策等方面，探索影响旅游消费移民社会融合的关键因素及其影响机制。最后，利用结构方程模型的路径分析寻找促进移民与当地居民相互适应与包容的关键路径，并将该路径解译为对应的政策措施。项目理论上有助于丰富旅游移民的研究内容和方法体系，推动国内旅游消费移民研究的进程；实践上可为推进区域社会融合、制定可持续发展政策提供科学的决策依据。

近年来，随着人民生活水平的提高和大众旅游的发展，消费导向旅游移民在我国蓬勃发展，大批旅游消费移民（“候鸟”）季节性地流向各旅游目的地。但旅游消费移民与目的地居民因文化背景、生活习俗等差异而引发的各种矛盾也日渐突出。研究如何促进移民的目的地融合，减缓社会矛盾有助于维护目的地旅游业的可持续发展及和谐社会的建立。研究在广泛阅读文献和实地调研的基础上，深入解析旅游消费移民的特征，从微观、移民个体角度来分析影响其融入目的地社会的归因机制。研究以到访三亚的旅游消费移民为例，以社会融合理论、布尔迪厄的资本理论、生活满意度理论等为基础，构建以旅游消费移民的经济资本、文化资本、社会资本为外因潜变量、社会融合为内因潜变量、生活满意度为中间变量的结构方程模型，研究影响移民社会融合的关键因素及影响过程，并将研究结果解译成对应的路径举措。. 研究结果表明，旅游消费移民的文化资本、社会资本和生活满意度对其在目的地的社会融合有显著正影响，而经济资本则产生显著负影响。经济资本对融合的影响是间接的，经由生活满意度的中介作用而产生；而社会资本对融合的影响是直接的，没有间接影响；文化资本对移民的融合既有显著的直接影响，也有经由生活满意度的中介作用而产生的间接影响。研究发现，受较低的文化资本和生活满意度的影响，旅游消费移民在目的地的社会融合程度也相对较低。因此，进一步提升消费导向旅游移民的文化资本和生活满意度是促进移民融合的关键因素。目的地应进一步加强供给侧改革，提升物质生态文明和精神文明建设。研究理论上有助于丰富旅游移民的研究内容和方法体系，推动国内旅游消费移民研究的进程；实践上可为推进区域社会融合、维护目的地形象、制定可持续发展政策提供科学的决策依据。