不同材质生物炭对水稻生长发育的影响及其调节机制

Biochar could increase the yield and quality of crop by improving the structure and fertility of soil, which is because of its unique physicochemical properties, such as higher structure of carboxylic esterification and aromatic, larger porosity and specific surface area, better buffer capacity and water l and fertilizer conservation. As the results of our previous studies, there was significant difference in physicochemical properties of biochar within different source biomass and carbon temperature and retention time of making biological carbon. So, it is the important to study on mechanism in effects of different materials of biological carbon on crop growth and development. In this project, to discuss the effects of different materials of biological carbon on crop growth and development and its mechanism, two super rice will be used as materials, and three treatments as follow: six different biomass resources, eight carbon temperatures and four retention times, and some indexes would be determined during different growth stages, such as physicochemical properties of soil, major agronomic characters of rice, cytological observation, photosynthetic and dry matter accumulation and distribution, nutrient absorption, root and rhizosphere environment. This will be revealing the relationships between physicochemical properties of soil and crop growth and development, and making the relationships of soil and rice growth and biochar amount clear. Furthermore, valuing the mechanism in the effects of short and long-effective of biochar on soil, and exploring the optimum arrangement model of biochar to provide certain scientific basis for application of biochar on crop growth and development.

生物炭有改善土壤结构、提高肥力、增加作物产量和提高品质等作用，这与其独特的理化性质（高度羧酸酯化和芳香化结构，较大的孔隙度和比表面积，极好的吸附性、缓冲能力和保肥保水性）有关。本课题组发现不同生物质来源和炭化温度及停留时间下制得的生物炭理化性质差异显著，故不同材质生物炭对作物生长发育的调节机理是本领域亟待研究的重要问题。本项目以2个超级稻品种为试材，6个生物质来源和8个炭化温度及4个停留时间为处理，按不同生育时期，分别对土壤理化性质、水稻重要农艺性状和细胞学观察、光合和干物质积累与分配特性、根际环境、根系生长和营养吸收情况等生理指标进行测定，研究不同材质生物炭对水稻生长发育的影响及其调节机制。揭示生物炭理化性质与水稻生长发育的关系。明确生物炭用量与土壤和水稻生长的相互关系。科学评价生物炭在土壤中的速效和长效作用及其机制。探索生物炭施用最佳统筹模式的途径，为生物炭在作物上应用提供科学依据。

生物炭具有独特的理化性质，如高度羧酸酯化和芳香化结构、较大的孔隙度和比表面积、极好的吸附性、缓冲能力和保肥保水性，因此生物炭在农业应用上具有改善土壤结构、提高肥力、增加作物产量和提高品质等作用。因为不同材质生物炭的理化性质存在显著差异，所以不同材质生物炭对作物生长发育的影响是本领域研究的重要问题。本研究以稻壳生物炭、稻杆生物炭、花生壳生物炭和食用菌棒生物炭为处理研究不同材质生物炭对高产超级稻沈农265和优质品种秋田小町生长发育的影响。研究结果发现，施入不同材质的生物炭后，两个水稻品种的产量和品质都有不同程度的提升，其中稻杆生物炭和稻壳生物炭对水稻增产提质的效果最显著。水稻的干物重、穗数、每穗粒数和中下部枝梗数随生物量增加而变大，在与氮素配施的情况下产量随炭量的增加而增多，无氮素添加时产量不随炭量增加而发生变化。生物炭能显著提高氮肥利用率，且氮肥的农学利用率随生物炭量的增加而增加。与直接还田相比，秸秆炭化（生物炭）还田显著降低了综合温室效应，且不影响产量。生物炭的保温保水特性显著优于土壤，制备的生物炭水稻育苗基质已在生产进行试验示范并推广，在一定程度上解决了水稻育苗取土难和农业可持续等问题。无论是与氮素配施，还是制备育苗基质，生物炭在稻作领域的应用前景广阔。