响应积极老龄化的住区交互式更新研究

China has run into aging society and is facing the problem of “age before it gets rich, age before it gets ready”. Home-based care model has become a main choice in the national conditions because it not only embodies the “Active Ageing” concept, but also reduces the burden of public finance. However, this model brings serious challenge for the elderly-adaptive renewal of the outdoor space in residential areas which were built in different times and occupy the largest part of urban constructive land. This research chooses typical residential areas built at different times in Wuhan as subject investigated, combines GPS tracking, time-lapse filming, field investigation, space syntax and GIS system modeling methods to analyze the morphological characteristics of the outdoor public space in residential areas and behavior characteristics of the aged based on ecological psychology interactive relationship theories. In addition, by using behavior domain as medium, this research gains the interactive mechanism of static space and dynamic behavior from treating triggering and feedback as a whole. Based on that, it puts forward the differentiated and dynamic renewal strategies in different levels and situations, planning and policy insurances, and uses dynamic evaluation method as a tool to track and feedback the interactive mechanism changes. In this way, the residential space and behavior interactive design mechanism is built. Finally, the application of this new design method provides a new way to identify the adaptability of outdoor public space in residential areas for the elderly and contributes to promoting the old-age care undertakings, as well as enriching theory studies of healthy adaptive outdoor public space design and planning for the aged in residential areas.

中国已迈入深度老龄化社会，面对“未富先老、未备先老”的严峻挑战，居家养老模式由于体现“积极老龄化”理念、减轻公共财政负担而成为我国国情下的主要选择。这给占城市建设用地最大的，各时期建设的城市住区户外空间适老更新带来严峻挑战。据此，本研究选取武汉不同时期建造的典型住区为对象，借鉴生态心理学交互关系相关理论，通过GPS跟踪调查、定时拍摄、实地调研、空间句法、GIS建模等，分析住区户外公共空间特质和老年人行为活动特征；借助行为中介理论，从引发和反馈整体揭示静态空间和动态行为的交互机理；提出分层次分情景的动态评价更新策略、规划保障，并以动态评价为工具追踪和反馈交互机理变化，建立住区空间行为交互设计机制。新方法的运用将使我们对住区户外公共空间适老性有新的甄别工具，在促进我国养老事业进步的同时，还将丰富我国住区适老健康规划设计理论。

住区户外空间作为居家老年人最重要的户外活动载体，其宜居性和适老化是近年来积极探讨的热点与城市住区更新的重要方面。本项目以武汉市典型老龄住区为案例，引入生态心理学的交互性概念，借鉴风景园林领域在可供性方面的研究，运用GPS行为追踪与观察法、PANAS情绪测量法、视觉模拟评估法等量化手段对住区户外空间及其使用者之间的相互关系进行研究。在全面建立老年人时空间行为特征和住区户外空间特性数据库的基础上，分别从环境可供性、功能可供性、景观可供性、情感可供性等多样化的视角切入，厘清住区户外空间对不同生活状态老人行为支持关系，从引发和反馈两个阶段聚焦人境交互作用，明确住区户外“空间-行为”的交互机理，以功能、行为、感官、情感为中介从空间的群组结构、层次类型、景观环境及老年人情绪程度的引发四方面对住区户外空间适老性问题进行了解读，并结合可供性矩阵反馈情况提出更新策略，构建了适老化的交互式更新机制。本项目基本实现了借用交互关系理论明晰老年人在住区户外空间活动行为与户外空间之间的关联性，结合反馈评价体系，直面现实住区更新在功能、行为、感官、情感四个交互角度需要解决的关键问题，为住区适老化更新与管理实践提供借鉴，秉承“积极老龄化”的理念，全方面的提升住区适老化水平。