汽车轮胎声腔共振的胎-腔-轮耦合机理及其噪声抑制方法研究

Tire noise influences the ride comfort of a vehicle significantly and has become a challenging issue to improve the acoustic environment inside the vehicle cabin. The acoustic cavity resonance noise of tire as the main component of tire noise has the characteristics of narrow frequency band and low center frequency, and is difficult to be suppressed. Its generation and propagation involve the theories such as tire dynamics, acoustic-vibration coupling, acoustics and propagation of elastic wave in the structure. The mechanism of the acoustic cavity resonance noise of tire is extremely complex, consequently the perfect design theory for suppressing this noise has not been proposed yet. In this project, firstly, an accurate and complete tire-cavity-wheel coupling model will be established on the basis of modeling the tire using the vibration theory of thin shell, modeling the acoustic cavity using the theory of acoustic waveguide and taking into account the elasticity and rotating effect of the wheel. And the coupling mechanism of tire and acoustic cavity and wheel will also be investigated. Then, the matching method for the sound-absorbing material with the acoustic cavity will be proposed after the characteristic parameters of the sound-absorbing material are tested and the coupling simulation and analysis of its acoustic model with the tire-cavity-wheel model are performed. And two new acoustic structures suitable for the tire acoustic cavity and suppressing the resonance noise are investigated, and their acoustic models will be established, and the coupling simulation and the matching of the models with the tire-cavity-wheel model will be performed, respectively. Based on the research results the optimization methods for the new acoustic structures will be respectively obtained. The propagation of the energy of the acoustic cavity resonance in the wheel will also be investigated to develop the wheel design method of suppressing the propagation of the energy into the vehicle cabin. Finally, the comprehensive method for suppressing the acoustic cavity resonance noise of tire is proposed based on above investigations. The research achievements in this project are significant to improve the acoustic environment inside the vehicle cabin and the ride comfort and the technology competitiveness of vehicle.

轮胎噪声显著影响汽车的乘坐舒适性，已成为改善车内噪声环境亟待解决的问题。轮胎声腔共振噪声作为轮胎噪声的主要成分，频带窄、频率低、抑制困难，且其产生与传播涉及轮胎力学、声振耦合、声学、弹性波传播等理论。轮胎声腔共振噪声机理复杂，至今仍无可靠的抑制理论指导设计。本申请拟首先应用薄壳振动理论、声波导管理论分别对轮胎和声腔建模，引入车轮弹性和旋转效应，建立完善的胎-腔-轮耦合模型并研究其耦合机理；然后实测吸声材料的特性参数并将其声学模型与胎-腔-轮模型进行耦合仿真，提出与轮胎声腔的匹配方法；并且研究两类适于轮胎声腔及其共振噪声抑制的新型声学结构，进行声学建模并与胎-腔-轮模型进行耦合仿真和匹配，获得其结构优化方法；此外研究声腔共振能量在车轮内的传播，发展抑制该能量向车内传播的车轮设计方法；最后提出抑制声腔共振噪声的综合方法。研究成果对改善车内噪声环境、提高舒适性和技术竞争力具有重要意义。

汽车轮胎噪声已成为改善车内噪声环境亟待解决的问题。轮胎声腔(简称胎腔)共振噪声作为轮胎噪声的主要成分，其频带窄、频率低且其产生与传播涉及轮胎力学、声振耦合、声学、弹性波传播等理论。胎腔共振噪声机理复杂，致使无可靠的抑制理论指导设计。针对此问题，本项目对汽车胎腔共振噪声的胎-腔-轮耦合机理及抑制方法进行了深入研究，所获成果为胎腔共振噪声的抑制提供了坚实理论基础。.本项目已在胎腔共振噪声的胎-腔-轮耦合机理、抑制方法两方面取得了系列成果。在胎腔共振噪声的胎-腔-轮耦合机理方面：①构建了引入轮胎弹性、旋转、胎压、载荷等因素的胎-腔-轮耦合模型，实现了接近实际工况的胎腔共振模态特性仿真；②发明了用于测试胎腔共振噪声的模型实验装置及测量旋转轮胎声腔共振噪声的方法，实现了仿真结果的实验验证；③揭示了载荷、转速、胎压等因素对胎腔共振频率及其分裂特性的影响规律，并建立了胎腔共振频率的预测模型；④在旋转轮胎的台架实验中发现了轮胎声腔模态出现偏转这种未报道过的新特性，通过所构建模型的仿真、基于行波叠加原理建立的旋转轮胎腔内声场模型，验证了新发现并进一步揭示了胎腔模态的演变规律。在胎腔共振噪声的抑制方法方面：①完善了吸声材料抑制胎腔共振噪声的机理描述及其与胎腔匹配的方法；②提出了可抑制胎腔共振噪声的声子晶体结构、异形内廓轮胎两种新型声学结构及其设计方法，并且验证了其有效性；③提出了胎腔共振噪声能量在轮辐中传播的定量研究方法，揭示了轮辐构型影响胎腔共振噪声的机理，在此基础上发展了可抑制胎腔共振噪声的轮辐设计方法；④通过分析抑制胎腔共振噪声的各种方法，获得了抑制胎腔共振噪声的综合方法。.本项目所取得成果对抑制汽车轮胎声腔共振噪声、改善车内噪声环境具有指导意义，同时有助于推动车轮、轮胎设计理论和技术的进步。