近500年来中国农业空间格局演变及其环境影响

There are two important aspects in agricultural practice: land use and applicationof technology. The first concerns mostly with extensive growth, while the later with intensive growth. From diachronic view, extensive growth had prevailed for longin ancient China. In recent 500 years, intensive growth has become particularly significant due to rapid population increase, by which agricultural geographic distribution in China changed to a new phase. By analyzing historical material and GIS data, this project will carry out a thorough research on agricultural geography of China in recent 500 years. After that, research work will mainly discuss the two basic ways ofchange in agricultural geographic distribution in China: land use and application of technology. Research work will conduct to such result: among human productive activities, agriculture is the most dependent on environment.On the other hand, farmland also changes the environment as crops replace original vegetation. Therefore, human beings have to keep on adjusting mode of production and technology supportive system, in seeking for greater chance to use natural resource under environmental coordination. Agricultural practice is accompanied with both environmental crisis and technological method on sustainable development.

人类的农业活动包括两个重要方面，即土地利用与农业技术，前者具有广度开发的特点，后者则属于深度开发的范畴，就时间序列而言，以拓展土地为核心的广度开发在多数历史时期占主流地位，近500年以来伴随人口快速增殖，以农业技术更新为主的深度开发作用越来越突出，并导致农业地理布局进入新的阶段。本课题利用各类历史文献与GIS技术等研究方法，在对近500年以来中国农业地理进行全面研究的基础上，重点探讨中国农业依循土地拓展、技术更新两条途径改变农业空间格局的过程，并提出在人类的各项生产活动中，农业对于自然环境的依存性最强，农田取代自然植被的过程，既改变了自然环境，人类也在变化的环境中不断调整自己的生产方式与技术支撑体系，寻求与环境的统一、协调，并争取最大可能地利用自然资源，因此人类的农业开发不仅存在环境危机，也同样含有可持续性的农业技术举措。

农业是自然环境、农作物、劳动者三位一体的生产过程，本项目以此为基点，重点解决了与三者相关的重要农业地理问题：其中农耕区与国家政治版图伸缩的关系、近五百年参与农作物轮作的油料作物、纤维类作物的自身种类嬗替与品种变化、农民日常活动的社会空间与对农业生产的影响、城市、军队纯粹消费者获取粮食的途径与空间范围等问题，并在此研究基础上，积累了大量与近五百年农业技术、环境变迁、人地关系相关的历史文献记载，这些资料对后续研究具有重要意义。