基于湿滑状态感知的沥青跑道抗滑行为解析与失效风险评估

Adequate runway skid resistance capability is the basic assurance of landing safety. Under wet runway surface condition, aircraft braking performance is severely degraded and accident risk is increased. Therefore, it is important to get clearly the aircraft braking behavior on wet runways and assess timely the accident risk resulting from the skid-resistance failure. Because of the instantaneous, spatial, random distributed water film covering on the runways, and high speed, high tire pressure and multi-tires acting on the surface, the runway skid-resistance capability presents typical dynamic and fluid-solid coupled properties. It is not easy to detect and assess the skid-resistance performance on wet runways. In this project, we focus on the asphalt runways. We try to establish a link between wet conditions and risk level based on skid resistance behavior analysis. Therefore, the detection-risk assessment system can be achieved. The details are as follows. First, we develop a wide-range water film detection technique and construct a wet condition detecting system, to field detect and dynamic predict the wet condition at the aircraft touchdown moment. Then, high precision numerical method, namely, the tire-water film-runways interaction hydroplaning modelling together with the full-scale aircraft simulation, is put forward. Then, verified by the test and real evidence data, the degradation rules of braking performance under wet condition is revealed. Further, the characteristic indices and expressions describing aircraft braking and skidding resistance properties are established. After that, a risk assessment model for skid resistance failure is derived based on the multiple-factor probability analysis. The risk gradation judging skid resistance failure probability depending on the wet condition parameters is formed. Above investigation is helpful for the development of the assessment technique of skid resistance performance, and the supply of technological support for constructing the risk early warning system.

足够的跑道抗滑能力是飞机滑跑安全的基本保障。湿滑状态下，飞机制动性能下降，安全风险上升。准确掌握跑道湿滑状态，及时评估抗滑失效风险，有助于提升飞机着陆的安全裕度。在水膜厚度即时性、空间性、随机性影响下，在飞机高速、高胎压、多轮作用下，跑道抗滑行为表现出复杂的动态性和流-固耦合特征，感知和评估难度大。本项目围绕沥青跑道，拟通过行为解析将感知参数与风险评估联系起来，基本建立无缝式感知-风险评价体系。具体包括：研发湿滑状态综合感知系统，现场感知及动态预测飞机着陆时跑道的湿滑状态；提出轮组-水膜-跑道局部精细模拟与全机足尺模拟相结合的高仿真方法，并进行实证校验；进行多工况仿真，解析湿滑状态下飞机制动性能衰变规律，建立飞机制动抗滑行为的特征指标及表达方程；基于科学表达，构建多因素概率关联的抗滑风险模型，形成基于湿滑状态参数的抗滑风险等级。本项目为发展跑道抗滑性能评价技术、建立风险预警提供技术支持。

对抗滑失效风险的准确预判有助于飞行员和管理人员做出更为恰当的操作，以避免潜在的着陆事故。在湿滑状态下，由于高速滑跑，飞机的制动抗滑性能对水膜厚度的变化更为敏感，而水膜厚度受到降雨、排水、横纵坡、道面纹理等的影响，导致道面上不同位置处的水膜厚度在不同时刻均不相同。因此，为实现抗滑失效风险的准确评估，其前提条件是对湿滑状态参数（以水膜厚度为重点）的精准掌握。感知技术是获取湿滑状态参数的有效途径，但针对湿滑状态的感知技术一直没有得到系统地解决。此外，湿滑状态参数还必须与抗滑失效风险建立关联，而连接的桥梁就是对抗滑行为的理解。. 本项目围绕沥青跑道的抗滑行为进行研究，通过抗滑行为解析将水膜厚度感知参数与抗滑失效风险评估联系起来，基本建立了“获取感知数据，输出风险等级”的无缝式感知-风险评价体系。具体研究成果包括：研发了基于法布里-珀罗（F-P）干涉原理的水膜厚度感知元件，构建了沥青跑道湿滑状态综合感知系统架构，形成了飞机着陆滑水时跑道的湿滑状态的现场感知和动态预知；提出了轮组-水膜-跑道局部精细模拟与全机足尺滑水模拟相结合的高仿真方法，通过仿真模拟与试验实证，解析了湿滑状态影响下飞机制动抗滑性能衰变规律，构建了飞机制动抗滑性能的特征指标及表达方程；结合科学表达和多因素概率统计方法，提出了抗滑失效标准，建立了基于湿滑状态参数的抗滑风险评价体系。研究成果对发展机场道面抗滑性能评价、开发抗滑失效主动预警系统提供理论依据及技术支持，对提升飞机滑跑的安全裕度有重要意义。