基于人-车-路-风环境耦合影响机理的高速公路行车风险评价与保障措施研究

In wind-effect sensitive highway sections, such as large span bridge, high pier bridge in mountainous area, tunnel entrance and exit, drivers' mental load will increase significantly with a crosswind impact. And their judgment and operating reliability will decrease, which is an important factor to induce road accidents. In addition, if no corresponding fault tolerant road design is provided, the risk of accident will also increase. Relevant existing researches lack analysis for such influence mechanism. Therefore this study intend to use both the method of 8 degree of freedom driving simulator experiment and random effect panel data statistical model, to establish the driving control probability model on highway under crosswind conditions. By using of ergonomics theory, the influence of cross-wind on driver's psychological and physiological is analyzed. Based on the reliability theory and vehicle dynamics analysis method we will evaluate the driving risk under the influence of many different factors. From the Human - Vehicle - Road multi-level analysis, the mechanism of cross-wind effect on highway driving is estimated, which provides theoretical basis for design of highway security measures under crosswind. The research will focus on key issues such as Human-Vehicle-Road-Wind coupling effect analysis, driving risk assessment considering driver reliability and corresponding security measures. Finally, relying on a mountainous area highway as the object of this study, we will identify highway sections with frequent cross-wind, then put forward security measures to these sections. The results of this research will has important practical significance to prevent and reduce traffic accidents.

在高速公路大跨桥、山区高墩桥、隧道出入口等风影响敏感路段，驾驶员在侧风冲击下心理负荷显著增加，由此引起其判断和操纵可靠性降低是事故的重要诱因；加之道路设施若未有对应的容错设计更将增加事故风险。现有研究缺乏相关的人因影响机理分析，因此本研究拟采用8自由度驾驶模拟器实验和随机效应面板统计模型相结合的方法，建立高速公路侧风环境下的驾驶操纵概率模型；运用人机工程学等理论，解析侧风对驾驶员心理生理的影响；并应用可靠度理论和车辆动力学方法对多因素影响下的行车风险进行评价；从人-车-路多层面探索高速公路侧风环境对行车影响机理，同时为侧风环境高速公路保障措施设计提供理论依据。重点解决人-车-路-风环境的耦合分析、融合驾驶员可靠性的行车风险评价及对应的保障措施等关键问题。最后以山区高速公路依托工程为实证对象，鉴别侧风多发路段，并提出针对性的工程保障措施，研究成果对预防或减少交通事故的发生有着重要的现实意义。

基于8自由度驾驶模拟器，通过构建地形和高速公路场景、输入侧风对车辆的外部激励作用以及侧风引起的桥梁振动，建立了典型侧风环境下山区高速公路桥隧连接段、风-车-桥耦合作用下大跨桥梁驾驶模拟平台。针对突遇侧风、稳态风和阵风等典型侧风作用工况，总共招募61位驾驶员（其中职业驾驶员27位）进行了驾驶模拟试验，试验车辆包括小轿车和货车。通过驾驶模拟器、眼动仪和心率表采集了驾驶员的驾驶操纵行为和生理心理数据。从定性和定量两方面分析了侧风作用下驾驶员不当驾驶反应的产生机理，基于统计分析建立了不同侧风作用下驾驶员操纵反应模型。根据可靠度理论，综合考虑侧风、道路行车条件、车辆类型和驾驶员操纵反应，建立了人-车-路-风环境耦合作用下高速公路行车风险概率评价模型。最后针对依托工程，在侧风作用下行车风险评价的基础上，对关键路段进行了侧风行车安全保障措施研究和保障设施设计。. 针对侧风环境下山区高速公路桥隧连接段行车安全，基于驾驶模拟试验，建立了车辆最大横向偏移量与侧风风速之间的回归模型；提出了基于合理外侧净距的直线型桥隧连接段横断面路肩过渡形式；建立了考虑车辆最大横向偏移量、侧风风速和车速的桥隧连接段行车安全评价模型，得出不同风速作用下保障行车安全的车速限值；建立了突遇侧风作用下驾驶员转向操纵两阶段反应模型。针对风-车-桥耦合作用下大跨桥梁行车安全，基于驾驶模拟试验，建立了适用于风-车-桥耦合作用下的驾驶员转向模型。. 研究成果丰富了侧风环境下高速公路行车安全理论及驾驶员行为理论，建立了侧风作用下高速公路行车风险评价模型，针对依托工程进行了风险评价及侧风行车安全保障设计，减少和预防了交通事故的发生，推动了侧风环境下高速公路行车安全保障技术研究，具有重要的科学意义和实际应用价值。