北京城市中心区服务功能疏解与新区协调发展研究

Over the recent years, urban areas in Beijing have been expanding at an accelerating rate, with the rapid advancement of Yi Zhuang, Tong Zhou, Shun Yi and the like and the emergence of such mega peripheral residential clusters as Wang Jing, Hui Long Guan and Tian Tong Yuan, while the function of the aforementioned areas is deficient and the service and employment facilities are still concentrated in the downtown areas, which has caused the mismatch between residence and employment, and has subsequently led to traffic congestion, spatial segregation and other problems characteristic of urban development, so there has been an urgent need to perform studies on distribution of urban functions. The current study will adopt mixed methods to summarize the evolution of the spatial distribution of population and residence and the spatial pattern of employment in Beijing; probe into the phenomenon of mismatch between residence and employment; explore the rational distribution of service facilities and identify the goals of and the solutions to service function distribution, by means of combined techniques of GIS, integer linear programming and Garin-Lowry model for service facilities; search the development patterns of new areas featuring assorted functions and the balance between residence and employment and the coordination between downtown areas and new areas and new areas within, based on field survey, questionnaire survey and interview. Practically, this study serves to alleviate the mismatch between residence and employment, reduce the transportation cost, relieve traffic congestion and spatial segregation, improve the efficiency of urban development, and enhance the sustainability of it. Theoretically, it will expedite research on urbanization and urban spatial structure, enrich and further explore the theories about the sustainable growth of urban areas in a context of the country's transformation and rapid urban development.

近年来，北京城市规模增长速度加快，亦庄、通州、顺义等新城快速发展，也出现了望京、回龙观、天通苑等大型边缘居住集团，但是这些新城与居住集团功能不健全，服务、就业设施依然集中于中心城区，形成了居住与就业的空间错位，导致交通拥堵、空间隔离等城市问题，亟待展开城市功能疏解的研究。本项目采用混合方法(mixed methods)系统梳理北京市人口空间分布变化与就业空间格局的演变，剖析居住-就业的空间错位现象；集成GIS技术、整数规划方法和格瑞-劳瑞模型进行服务就业分布的模拟与优化，明确服务功能疏解的内容与方向；基于田野调查和问卷调查探索功能混合、居住-就业平衡的新区发展模式，研究不同新区之间的协调发展。实践上，有助于缓解居住-就业的空间错位，减少浪费性通勤，提升城市运行效率。理论上，有益于推进我国城市化和城市空间结构的研究，完善和发展转型期中国城市快速发展进程进程中关于城市可持续性增长的理论。

中心城区城市功能的高度集中与新城服务功能的不健全加剧了北京交通拥堵、环境质量恶化及居住-就业空间隔离等问题。近年来，国家出台了京津冀协同发展战略，北京也积极探索非首都功能疏解的实施路径。根据既定的研究目标与主要任务，通过构建多源数据库并集成GIS空间分析技术，采用问卷调查和数理统计分析相结合的混合方法，对北京人口-就业空间格局演变、居住-就业空间错位、非首都功能的疏解及其影响以及新城发展的空间效应与发展路径等问题进行了系统研究，研究发现：北京居住和就业均呈现多中心发展的趋势，但居住与就业的集聚区仍存在一定空间错位，远郊区职住分离现象较为突出；居民的通勤时间和通勤距离仍在增加，北京过剩通勤较为严重，土地的混合利用密度提高可以有效提高通勤效率；产业升级与产业部门的空间转移不断进行，但进程缓慢，通过功能疏解并健全新城新区的服务功能，实现中心区与新城协调发展势在必行。我们识别了北京非首都功能产业，选择服装批发业作为案例对商户、企业、居民、政府等多元主体实地调研和访谈，发现功能疏解对疏解地及承接地企业、相关从业人员及周边居民既带来正面影响，但也引发许多负面效应，政府需要发挥引导与管理的作用，有侧重、分阶段地落实北京非首都功能疏解的任务和目标。从人口、产业和空间形态等视角剖析了北京新城发展的空间效应，发现新城发展对外来人口的截留效果显著，但对北京户籍人口的疏解作用有限；对第二产业疏解作用明显，但对第三产业空间分布的影响较小；新城发展一定程度上缓解了中心城区空间扩展的压力，中心区的扩展方式由外延转为填充。此外，我们还对通州副中心建设、职住空间平衡与优化、非首都功能疏解以及中心城区与新城协调发展等问题提出了政策建议。研究成果不仅对北京城市空间结构优化及国内其他城市的建设和发展具有实践指导意义，也发展和完善了职住空间关系、城市功能疏解以及新城发展领域的研究，具有较大的理论意义和实践价值。