建筑物内行人行为特征及疏散机理研究

With more and more focus on crowd safety, research on pedestrian evacuation has become a hot topic in pedestrian flow. In recent years, many scholars dedicated to the research in this area have obtained some important results, but there are many problems remain to be further explored, due to the complexity of pedestrian flow. In the project, by means of constructing theoretical model and developing empirical investigation, the pedestrians behavior decision and evacuation model are depicted in detail using the knowledge of psychology, behavioral science, transportation science and so on. Firstly, by observing the movement rules and dynamic characteristics of pedestrians gathered in transportation hub, theoretical basis is provided for designing or transforming such places, in order to make the comfort degree of pedestrian increased and improve safety performance of evacuation. Then, the integrated evacuation model is introduced based on network model and microscopic model, which perform better than the macro model in calculation, and describe the psychological and behavioral characteristics of evacuation individual. Finally, new index is designed to evaluate the internal mechanism of pedestrian evacuation. The project could be used as the theoretical basis for designing the evacuation property of building and systematically planning and managing assemble activities of pedestrians, maintains the crowd behavior order, optimizes the evacuation process and improves the evacuation efficiency.

随着人群安全问题越来越多地引起人们的关注，行人疏散的研究日益成为行人流研究领域的热点。近年来，很多致力于这方面研究的学者已取得了一些重要成果，但由于行人流问题本身的复杂性，尚有很多问题需要被进一步探讨。本项目以理论模型构建为主，以实证调查为辅，综合运用心理学、行为科学以及交通科学等相关知识详细刻画疏散行人行为决策和疏散模型。首先，通过观测交通运输集散地内聚集人群的运动规律和动态特征，为该类场所的设计和改造提供理论依据，降低行人在其中的不舒适度，提高安全疏散性能；然后，借鉴基于网络的疏散模型和现有微观模型的建模方法，构建融合两者的行人疏散模型，使得即能在计算上优于宏观模型，又可以描述疏散个体的心理和行为特征；最后，设计评价影响行人疏散内部机制的新指标。该项目可以作为审计建筑物疏散性能、系统规划和管理群体活动的理论依据，能有效维护群体行为秩序，优化疏散过程和提高疏散效率。

随着经济和社会的发展，人们的聚集活动日益增加，且突发事件（如火灾、地震、踩踏等）的不断发生，使得行人疏散问题的研究受到了许多学者的广泛关注。行人疏散问题的研究有利于安全、高效和舒适的公共场所和行人交通设施的设计以及大规模的人群管理。在疏散过程中，行人的决策往往受到自身对建筑物结构和周围环境的感知和认知能力的影响。本项目着重分析了疏散人员对可视范围内和出口处的行人密度的感知能力，分别提出了剩余方向可视域和半动态层次域的概念，从不同角度改进了层次域元胞自动机模型。在微观模型中计及出口处行人密度、可视范围内行人密度、出口宽度以及房间内行人分布方式和区域大小等因素，揭示了行人对这些因素的感知和认知能力对行人疏散行为决策的影响。并同时将疏散时间和单位能量消耗作为评估疏散效率的两个指标，对半动态层次域元胞自动机模型的疏散结果进行评估，给出了两个指标的帕累托最优。. 本项目的研究结果有助于理解建筑物内行人疏散的决策行为，从两方面评估疏散模型，更加贴近现实的疏散过程，可为基础设施规划设计、行人交通组织、建筑物应急疏散等提供理论支持。目前已实现项目的预期目标，发表SCI和EI收录论文7篇（其中SCI收录2篇，EI收录5篇），专著1部，培养硕士研究生5名，已毕业3名。