顾及生计因素的生态敏感型旅游地居民环境行为研究

Eco-sensitive tourist site has great significance to regional eco-security, while it is disturbed by human activities. Residents’ environmental behavior which induced by their livelihood activities is an important factor influencing environment protection in tourist site, and trigger conflicting relationship between human and nature as well. Changing people’s behavior is a new perspective to solve these issues. In this research, we conducted a case study on 14 communities in and around Nanling National Nature Reserve, and used questionnaire and interview methods to collect data. We defined residents’ environmental behavior based on their production and living activities, and analyzed its feature as well. We innovatively adopt two factors, livelihood and institutional constraints, into Norm Activation Model to illustrate the mechanism of the occurrence and development of residents’ environmental behavior according to the Theory of Human and Nature, and Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Using multi-disciplinary theory and methods, especially structural equation modeling, grounded theory and so on, this project will focus on following contents: (1) analyzing residents’ environmental behavior in different kinds of livelihood, livelihood capitals and community types through various testing models, (2) researching the impact of livelihood, institutional constraint, norm moral and etc on residents’ environmental behavior, as well as analyzing the differences in driving path across communities, (3) identifying the important role of local’s livelihood in the process of transferring their environmental behavior from interference to protection based on the typical group of interviewees whose livelihood has been changed in recent years. This study aims to provide theoretical guidance and practical measures to manage residents’ environmental behavior, protect the environment of eco-sensitive tourist sites, improve the livelihood of local residents and achieve harmony of human and nature.

作为一种重大的人类和社会经济活动，旅游带来的社会、经济和环境影响日益显著。旅游地，尤其是生态敏感型旅游地的环境保护极大的影响区域生态安全。旅游地居民生计活动所衍生的环境行为是影响旅游地保护和引发人地关系矛盾的重要因素。本项目以人地关系理论为指导，借鉴可持续生计分析框架，遵循规范激活模型逻辑主线，系统进行顾及生计因素的居民环境行为特征及其发生机理研究。选择广东南岭旅游地为案例，运用结构方程模型、比较分析和扎根理论等方法，具体研究生态敏感型旅游地居民环境行为在不同生计方式、生计资本和社区类型中的具体特征，分析生计、制度约束、环境变化认知、道德规范等因素对居民环境行为的驱动机理及其空间分异规律，揭示居民环境行为由消极干扰向积极保护转化的内在路径，为规范居民行为、促进旅游地资源环境保护、民生改善、实现人地和谐提供理论支撑与政策启示。

随着全球变化加剧以及不可预测自然灾害的频繁暴发，各种旅游相关活动造成的负面影响已经导致旅游地生态环境质量下降，对旅游人地关系系统造成严重扰动。如何科学利用旅游地生态系统的游憩功能，既维护居民生计发展需求，又能保护自然资源、促进旅游地生态环境保护，成为转型期中国旅游发展亟需思考的问题。项目采用实地调研方法，对南岭、大九寨等生态敏感型旅游地社区居民展开问卷调查与访谈获得研究数据，利用因子分析、方差分析、回归分析、结构方程模型等统计方法对数据进行分析，以揭示生计因素嵌入下旅游地居民环境行为特征、驱动过程与转变机理。项目得出以下结论：1、环境管制约束下生态敏感型旅游地居民生态保护行为空间特征具有差异性；不同文化背景下生态敏感型旅游地居民环境行为特征具有差异性；不同生计方式居民环境行为亦具有显著性差异特征。2、社区参与、生计资本、地方依恋、生态补偿、主观规范等内外因均对生态敏感型旅游地居民环境行为实施有显著影响，同时生计与生态补偿是促进居民环境行为由扰动向保护转变的关键因素。3、地方依恋嵌入下灾害驱动不同文化群体居民保护旅游地环境行为机制既存在的共性也存在差异性。4、保护和发展博弈下居民生计多样化是促进保护地人地关系协调的有效管理策略。本研究从微观视角丰富了自然保护地人-地关系研究内容，深化了关于“如何协调保护地社区发展与环境保护之间关系”问题的认识，服务于中国特色自然保护地体系建设与管理目标实现，对于协调生态发展区域环境保护与经济发展的关系具有直接的指导意义。