发达地区乡村聚落演化的多元路径及其成长机制研究--以江苏省为例

Rural settlement is the core topic of rural geography at home and abroad. The current trend of development differentiation of rural settlements in China is very obvious. Some are developing and growing stronger, while others are in recession and even dying. Traditional growth theories on rural settlements which are in the context of the agricultural society have been unable to explain the pluralistic evolution pattern of the current rural settlements. The theory innovation and the micro mechanism interpretation are imperative to the pluralistic evolution of rural settlements. Based on systematic summary of the theoretical framework of rural settlement evolution, taking pluralistic paths of rural settlements evolution as the breakthrough point, the research selects typical cases of rural settlements in Jiangsu province, and explores the classification of rural settlements in economically developed areas in China. From the micro perspective, the paper tracks the evolution of four types’ rural settlements, which are growth type, recession type, stable type, and dying type. Furthermore, along with the transformation of rural settlements from traditional to modern pattern, the article reveals the driving mechanism and its model. Lastly, it puts forward the strategies and policies for the future development of rural settlements, which will provide a scientific basis and decision support for the new urbanization strategy of our country.

乡村聚落是国内外乡村地理学研究的核心主题。当前我国乡村聚落分化发展的态势非常明显，有的乡村聚落在发展壮大，有的在衰退甚至消亡，传统的基于农业社会特征的乡村聚落增长理论已经无法解释当前乡村聚落多元化的演变格局，乡村聚落演化的多元图景迫切需要理论的创新和微观机制的解析。本项目在系统总结乡村聚落演化的理论框架基础上，以乡村聚落多元演化路径为切入点，选取江苏省乡村聚落发展的典型个案为例，开展我国经济发达地区乡村聚落发展的分类研究，从微观视角分析成长型、衰退型、稳定型、消亡型乡村聚落演化的轨迹，揭示发达地区乡村聚落从传统向现代转型的驱动机制及其模式，提出我国乡村聚落未来发展的策略与政策，为我国新型城镇化战略提供科学依据和决策支持。

在系统总结乡村聚落成长的理论框架基础上，以乡村聚落多元演化路径为切入点，选取江苏省乡村聚落发展的典型县域、典型村庄个案，开展我国经济发达地区乡村聚落发展的分类研究，揭示乡村聚落从传统向现代转型的驱动机制及其模式，提出乡村聚落未来发展的策略与对策。项目取得以下几个方面的创新成果：①宏观上解读了中国地理学对乡村发展的多元视角研究，探讨了城乡融合发展的体制机制，进一步探索了乡村空间的内涵，建构乡村聚落发展和演化的理论体系，奠定了项目研究的理论内涵。②从时空尺度，研究了我国发达地区的不同地域不同类型不同层面的聚落演化规律，并从规模结构和空间结构视角探讨其聚落体系的格局特征，城—镇—村规模结构分别呈“橄榄型”、“金字塔型”、“三字型”，县域等级结构分别呈“倒三角形”、“梯形”、“三角形”分布。③总结并解析了城镇化快速发展时期，江苏省不同类型县域城乡聚落体系的演化所形成的多元路径。提炼了县域城乡聚落体系演化机制，是由经济发展、城镇化、交通网络、制度与管理四种主要因素相互作用，共同构成了一个“四轮”驱动系统，并遵循空间组织规律和“结构—功能”相互适应规律，推动城乡聚落体系从低水平向高水平方向不断发展演化，提出若干条城乡聚落体系优化优化与调控的策略。④尝试将大数据应用于村域尺度的多功能评价，基于人类活动规律特征识别乡村空间多功能分化，并基于乡村性与城市性的演化关系、乡村性和城市性主导性转换两个维度构建了双维矩阵，揭示了发达地区乡村空间转型过程的多元路径。