既有住宅建筑节能改造中居民用能行为变化特性研究

Energy-efficient renovation of existing residential buildings is an important strategy to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, after retrofit occupants will change their behavior in using energy and actual energy-saving benefits from renovation cannot be so remarkable as expected, because part of energy saving benefits will vanish due to rebound effect. So it is very significant to study the characteristics of occupants’ behavioral change in using energy in existing residential buildings retrofitting..Taking statistically enough existing residential buildings retrofittings in China as examples, some on-site investigations on the changes of households’ energy consumptions and occupants’ behavior in using energy will be conducted in this research. Using the data and information collected in the investigations, the purposes of this research are summarized as follows: Firstly, to quantitatively evaluate the rebound effects in some typical cities in cold zone and hot summer and cold winter zone of China and to observe their change trend with time; Secondly, to discuss the influence of building characteristic and energy-conservation measures on the rebound effects; Thirdly, to systemically analyze occupants’ behavioral changes in using energy after retrofit, their impacts on energy-saving benefits and the relationship between the behavioral changes and the rebound effects; Fourthly, to provide insight into occupants’ individual needs for indoor thermal environment in psychological and physiological conditions, and their behavior adapting to thermal comfort and the change features before and after retrofit; Fifthly, to explore the harmonious mechanisms on how the members in one household comprise their behavior adjusting to thermal comfort when their individual requirements for indoor thermal environment are diverse, to analyze the change of the harmonious mechanisms before and after retrofit, and to discuss the impact of the harmonious mechanisms’ change on the unitary behavioral change of one household and the rebound effect; Finally, based on the rebound effect, to establish a model to expect the actual energy-saving benefits from energy-efficient renovation of existing residential buildings in China..This research will interpret the change characteristics of occupants’ requirements for indoor thermal environment in psychological conditions, physiological conditions and behavioral responses before and after retrofit. The findings in the research are supposed to reinforce the theory about indoor thermal comfort, to provide important information for reasonable prediction of energy-saving benefits from and policy-making in existing residential buildings retrofitting, and facilitate the development of green lifestyle and sustainable society in China.

既有住宅建筑节能改造是实现节能减排的重要举措，然而改造后居民用能行为将会变化，导致实际节能收益达不到预期效果(即回弹效应)，凸显了研究节能改造中居民用能行为变化特性的重要性。.本项目基于既有住宅建筑节能改造的现场实测调研数据，围绕改造前后住户能耗和用能行为，定量评价回弹效应；研究住户建筑特征与节能技术对回弹效应的影响；分析节能改造中用能行为的变化及其对节能收益的影响，以及与回弹效应的关系；分析节能改造前后住户成员个体对室内热环境需求状况、热舒适调节行为及其变化特性；探讨研究住户成员个体热环境需求差异的协调及在节能改造前后的变化特性，及其对住户整体用能行为变化与回弹效应的影响。最后，基于回弹效应构建既有住宅建筑节能改造的实际节能收益预测模式。.该研究将阐释节能改造前后居民对室内热环境“动态”需求的心理、生理及行为变化特性，完善室内人体热舒适理论，推动我国绿色生活方式、可持续社会的建立。

回弹效应如附骨之疽伴随节能技术的实施而产生，导致居民用能行为将会变化，使实际节能收益达不到预期，凸显了研究节能改造中居民用能行为变化特性的重要性。基于调研对象节能改造前后的调研数据，利用热工模拟、理论计算、统计分析等方法，进行了以下几点研究，并取得一些研究结果。①定量评价了回弹效应。济南慧都园三幢住宅楼改造后，夏季回弹效应强度为19.39%、60.85%和34.06%；川大学生宿舍屋顶遮阳后，夏季回弹效应强度为17.54%、29.05%，而冬季采暖能耗更大，不产生节能收益，也无回弹效应。②研究了住户特征、节能技术等对回弹效应的影响。改造后，回弹效应强度较大的住户表现为：经济条件适中、家中有20岁以下孩子、位于东西两边侧和顶层、屋面隔热作用明显。③分析了节能改造后居民用能行为的变化。用能行为变化最大是“在家时间延长”，进而导致“使用空调时间变长”，接着是“空调设定温度降低”、“同时开启的空调数量增多”等。④研究了节能改造前后住户成员的热环境需求状况及变化。同住户不同成员的热感受不同，中年（约40~60岁）、老年（>60岁）对热不舒适忍受能力更高，多在30℃以上才开空调，对冷热变化更敏感一些（2℃就能感觉）；而青年（20~40岁）、少年（<20岁）对热不舒适忍受能力较差，28℃以下就开空调，热环境变化的感受要弱一些。故改造后中老年的用能行为变化明显，而青少年居民的用能行为变化不明显。⑤研究了节能改造前后住户成员个体热环境需求差异的协调及其变化特性。改造前后，青少年多表现出高、中能耗型，“利己主义”，即出于自身需求而影响整个家庭的用能行为；而中老年多表现为低能耗型，“利他主义”，即调节自己以适应子女的需求。故住户整体能耗的大小就多会由青少年的用能行为决定，进而决定着回弹效应强度的大小。研究结果阐释了节能改造前后居民对室内热环境“动态”需求的心理、生理及行为变化特性，及其对实际节能收益的影响，有助于合理预测既有住宅建筑节能改造收益。