基于用能轨迹的岭南地区既有住宅立面更新研究

At present, the use of air conditioners is universally set in the mode of “full time and full space” in the upgrading of existing residences in the South of the Five Ridges, and then comprehensive and unified energy conservation transformation of buildings is carried out. Though the assumption simplifies calculation and upgrading measures, it conceals the dynamic characteristics of energy consumption in rooms with different functions and different needs for energy conservation transformation. If starting with the energy consumption behavior of residents, the study of facade upgrading will better meet real needs and be more scientific. This study focused on the correlative effect among climatic environment, existing residences, energy consumption behavior and ways of upgrading, to mathematically describe and construct the energy consumption traces of residents in existing residences and the dynamic energy consumption model in both temporal and spatial dimensions, based on the monitoring experiment on residents’ energy consumption behavior of using air conditioners and a questionnaire survey. This was aimed to find the different needs of rooms with different functions for energy conservation transformation. Afterwards, the typical construction patterns of existing residences in the South of the Five Ridges were summarized in terms of characteristic spatial layout, building technology and structural construction at that times, and the ways of upgrading were selected properly or created scientifically according to the different needs for energy conservation transformation, to realize the system interaction between the dynamic energy consumption model and the facade upgrading and transformation. Finally, a facade upgrading system for existing residences was formed, integrating technology with design.

目前岭南地区既有住宅更新设计普遍将居民空调使用假设为“全时间、全空间”模式，继而对建筑进行全面统一的节能改造。此假设虽简化了计算难度和更新措施，却同时掩盖了不同功能房间能耗的动态特征。立面更新研究如果能从居民用能行为着手将更加真实，更加科学。本研究重点关注气候环境、既有住宅、用能行为、更新方式之间的关联性影响，依托居民空调用能行为的监测实验和问卷调查，从时间、空间两个维度对居民用能动作进行轨迹描述并建构动态能耗模型，以此来寻找不同功能房间节能改造的需求差异；同时从空间布局、建造技术、构造做法的时代特征来归纳总结岭南地区既有住宅典型建筑模式，并根据节能改造需求差异来科学选择或创新更新方式，实现动态能耗模型、典型建筑模式、立面更新措施的模块化联动，形成集技术与设计于一体的既有住宅立面更新系统。

目前岭南地区既有住宅更新设计中，节能计算普遍将居民空调用能行为假设为“全时间、全空间”模式，继而对建筑立面更新进行节能技术指导。此假设虽简化了计算难度和更新措施，却同时掩盖了不同套型、不同房间之间可能存在的用能差异。.研究首先对岭南地区部分城市居民空调用能行为进行问卷调查和卧室的监测实验。基于372份调查问卷数据分析了各年龄段城市居民的客厅、卧室的空调用能以及开机温度设定的基本状况，发现不同年龄层人群空调使用，客厅和卧室空调使用方式都具有较大差异，但客厅空调的使用频率、强度以及人群差异性均低于卧室空调；继而对广州市区的102间卧室进行空调用能数据实测和分析，利用聚类分析的方法归纳出3类典型集群，并得出各类集群人群的空调用能模式以及时间表。同步分析广州地区1980-2000年建成的多层住宅常见类型及特征，通过问卷调查和现场调研获取805个既有住宅的套型、面积、朝向、开间、进深等详细建筑平面信息，分别对一室、两室、三室的三种套型进行聚类分析，总结归纳出9个典型既有住宅套型的关键绩效指标数据和平面形式。最后阐述既有住宅立面更新的目标和原则，并归纳总结出常见更新措施和构造方式。使用Energy Plus在标准工况（24小时）和实际工况（聚类时间表）下对既有住宅9个典型套型进行模拟计算与数据比较，从建筑平均能耗、节能效率、经济效益三个方面对岭南地区住宅常见立面更新措施进行科学评价与选择指引。.本研究重点关注岭南地区气候环境、既有住宅、用能行为、更新方式之间的关联性影响，从用能行为的角度来对既有住宅立面更新方法进行选择和评价。在空间布局、体型系数、窗墙比等固化因素基础上引入居民用能行为作为能耗模拟输入条件，为立面更新研究开拓了新视角。通过对既有住宅居民用能行为的基础研究，分析住宅中不同功能房间的能耗动态特征以及由此产生的节能改造需求差异，实现了人的行为研究、建筑技术和建筑设计的跨学科协同与创新，建构出适合岭南地区既有住宅的立面更新方法。