公路隧道弱视觉参照系下驾驶员视错觉致因机理及调控方法

it is easy to cause drivers’ heavy speed illusion and distance illusion in the low-illuminance,monotonous-environment and few-reference highway tunnel, which leads to signficantly understimated the vehicle speed,overestimate the following distance, then results in overspeed behaviors and traffic accidents. This project is based on the common environment features,weak visual reference system at the middle of the tunnel and drastic transition of visual reference system at tunnel entrance and exit ,which cause the severe visual illusion, then the scientific Problem was generalized as the relationship between tunnels’ weak-visual reference system and the driver’s visual illusion. Based on video simulation,miniature experiment and driving test, we can extract environmental factors of visual reference system(illumiannce, space, reference object);then use the evaluation method based on visual physiology and psychology. What’s more, we can analyze the influence index of visual illusion’ variation by highway-tunnel drivers and the environment factors,to construct model of the relationship between visual reference system and drivers’ visual illusion during highway tunnel, then build up a evaluation model of driving safety. Finally we can take advantage of multi-frequency information, multi-scale information, multi-color information, rhythm information and retro-reflection technology to strengthen the weak visual reference system inside the tunnel and alleviate the drastic transition of visual reference systems at tunnel entrance and exit,which can improve the visual illusion of highway tunnel. The result of this project can build up a theoretical system of driving safety based on visual illusion, and apply in tunnel’s retro-reflection lighting system based on the reconstruction of visual reference system,and the application ultimately promote the coordination and unification of improving tunnel’s traffic safety and energy-saving illumination.

低照度、单调、参照物少的公路隧道容易诱发驾驶员严重的速度错觉、距离错觉：显著低估车速，高估跟车距离，最终导致超速行为及交通事故。本课题从诱发严重视错觉的隧道环境共性特征─隧道中部弱视觉参照系，隧道进出口视觉参照系剧烈过渡入手，凝练科学问题为：隧道弱视觉参照系与驾驶员视错觉相关性；并将视频模拟实验、微缩模型实验、隧道实车试验相结合，提取隧道视觉参照系环境（照度、空间、参照物）因素，采用基于视觉生理心理评价指标与方法，分析公路隧道驾驶员视错觉变动及环境影响因子，构建隧道视觉参照系与驾驶员视错觉的关联模型，建立基于视错觉的隧道环境交通安全评价模型；利用多频/多尺度/多色彩/韵律信息组合、逆反射等技术增强隧道中部弱视觉参照系，缓和隧道进出口视觉参照系过渡，从而改善隧道视错觉。成果可构建基于视错觉的隧道行车安全评价体系，并应用于隧道逆反射照明系统优化设置，最终促进隧道交通安全与照明节能的协调统一。

低照度、单调、参照物少的公路隧道容易诱发驾驶员严重的速度错觉、距离错觉，最终导致超速行为及交通事故。本项目采用室内仿真实验、心理物理试验与实车驾驶实验相结合，针对隧道中部及出入口处弱视觉参照系下视觉环境提出改善方法，研究了隧道内不同组合信息对驾驶员视错觉的影响，基于弱视觉参照系对公路长隧道照明设置方法进行了重构，并基于驾驶员视觉特性，构建了公路隧道视线诱导系统评价方法。.对隧道中部不同信息下驾驶员的速度错觉程度进行了研究，分析了视错觉标线的减速效果。结果表明：多频率组合信息使驾驶员对速度的感知产生高估，其中设置高频信息为12Hz和低频信息为0.2Hz相组合的视觉信息使驾驶员的速度高估程度为8.21％较合理，同时驾驶员的反应时最短为2.09 s。在此基础上，通过行车安全距离模型，计算得出隧道中部在限速80km／h下的车辆安全距离最少为67m，与传统的行车安全距离90m相比减小25.6％。.提出了隧道出口视觉环境改善设计方法，结合仿真实验、车速感知心理物理实验及实车试验对改善效果进行了验证，结果显示：改善前隧道内在100%亮度下，速度低估程度为9.67%±0.994%；在50%亮度下，速度低估程度为11.49%±0.79%，出口处隧道外速度低估程度为9.01%±0.775%。改善后隧道在100%亮度下，速度高估程度为8.50%±1.508%；在50%亮度下，速度高估程度为10.26%±1.86%，出口处隧道外速度高估程度为8.16%±1.303%。.分别对大、中、小尺度信息在频率为0.1Hz~32Hz的低照度隧道环境中速度感知进行了对比研究：结果显示：低照度隧道内高频视觉信息（2Hz~32Hz）使驾驶员产生显著的速度高估，中频视觉信息（0.4Hz~1Hz)和低频视觉信息（0.1Hz~0.2Hz）导致驾驶员显著的速度低估。.建立了基于需求层次的道路环境视觉参照系框架，同时得到视觉参照系重构目标及方法，并提出基于视觉参照系重构的隧道主动照明与逆反射协调设置方法。.本项目研究结果对于构建基于视错觉的隧道行车安全评价体系，最终促进隧道交通安全与照明节能的协调统一具有重要意义。