苏南乡村集中社区建设类型解构及其演进机制研究——基于乡村治理的视角

In the transformation from traditional to modern society, the rural landscape and village life had huge changes in China. There are sizable rural concentrated communities built in rural areas. From early constructed by the villagers autonomy to lead by local governments, and then to external funds involved into the rural construction, the construction types of rural concentrated communities in Southern Jiangsu have more diverse, while the mechanisms of rural governance become more and more complicated. Under the trend of “governance turn” in rural planning research, the current research laid more attention on rural material construction than rural governance. According to the social constructivism of space, space and its transformation is embedded in particular spatial-temporal social institution scene, and the different structures of rural governance have formed the different types and mechanisms of rural concentrated communities. Focusing upon the correlation analysis of rural governance modes and rural concentrated community types, this research builds a comprehensive and dynamic analysis framework for correlation analysis of rural governance modes and village construction types. Used by institution-structure analysis and process-events analysis, combined with the rural survey, this research explores the evolutional mechanisms of rural concentrated communities based on rural governance change in Southern Jiangsu. Finally, by evaluating the governance level among different types of rural concentrated community, it puts forward the improvement strategies for planning and construction of rural concentrated communities from two aspects of land rights’ allocation and public good supply. The experiences of rural community’s construction based on rural governance in Southern Jiangsu can give theory thinking about the rural planning, but also provide references for the new village construction in some other area.

从最初“村社自主”到“地方政府主导”，再到地方政府协同外来工商资本深度参与乡村集中社区建设，乡村集中社区建设类型越来越多样，其背后隐喻的乡村治理越来越复杂。按空间的社会建构论，空间及其转型嵌入在特定时空的社会制度场景之中，不同的乡村治理结构催生了不同的乡村集中社区建设类型及运作机制。追踪乡村规划研究的“治理转向”，聚焦苏南乡村，以乡村治理与乡村集中社区建设类型之间互动为核心研究议题。首先，采用“结构—制度”分析法，建构乡村治理模式与乡村集中社区建设类型关联模型。其次，基于乡村治理变迁，建立乡村集中社区建设类型演化的动态分析框架，采用“过程—事件”分析法，立足乡村调查，对乡村集中社区建设类型的演化机制进行深入解析。最后，通过对不同类型乡村集中社区治理水平的评价，以问题为导向，从土地权益再配置、公共物品供给等角度，提出乡村集中社区规划建设的改进策略。

乡村集中社区是有别于传统村庄和城市社区的重要居住形态，其建设背后蕴含着复杂的治理机制。自农业税改革以来，伴随“财政下乡”和“项目制”实施，地方政府协同工商资本深度参与乡村集中社区建设，已成为普遍现象。本课题追踪乡村规划研究的“治理转向”，聚焦苏南，以乡村治理与乡村集中社区建设类型之间互动为核心研究议题。首先，采用“结构—制度”分析法，建构乡村治理模式与乡村集中社区建设类型关联模型。其次，基于乡村治理变迁，建立乡村集中社区建设类型演化的动态分析框架，采用“过程—事件”分析法，立足乡村调查，对乡村集中社区建设类型的演化机制进行深入解析。最后，以问题为导向，提出乡村集中社区规划建设的改进策略。.研究结论：（1）根据“人”“地”“钱”不同的组合关系，将乡村集中社区细分为“村社主导型”、“跨村宅基地置换型”、“宅基地市场化型”等若干类型；（2）乡村集中社区建设既是乡村治理的重要工具，又是新时期乡村治理的具体行动，蕴含着丰富的治理内涵；不同的乡村治理结构催生了不同的乡村集中社区建设类型。（3）内生权威和土地资本化是推动乡村自主性空间治理两个关键变量，内生权威和土地资本化也意味着乡村治权“在场”和乡村产权“在场”。只有同时赋予乡村治权和产权的“在场”，才能真正激活乡村内生发展的动力，推动乡村自主性空间治理。.在理论层面，本课题通过深化对乡村集中社区的理解，推动转型时期乡村空间规划与治理的研究进展。在实践层面，乡村集中社区建设分类、乡村自主性空间治理分析框架等可以因地制宜指导乡村集中社区建设。