小微企业创业领导者目标导向的下渗效应及其对组织和员工结果的多层影响

Small and micro firms play a significant role in national economy. How the business leaders can successfully seize series of policy opportunities and lead the firms is the key to the survival and development of small and micro firms. This study aims to explore the effects of business leaders' goal orientation on firm outcomes (including firm innovation and performance) and employee work outcomes (including employee creativity and work performance) in small and micro firms with a multilevel framework. First, this study proposes that business leaders' learning goal orientation has a stronger effect on firm innovation and employee creativity than performance prove and perfomance avoid goal orientation, while performance prove goal orientation has a stronger effect on firm performance and employee work performance than learning goal orientation. Second, based on social information processing and social learning theories, this study proposes that there are trickle-down effects of business leaders' goal orientation, that is, business leaders' goal orientation makes the entrepreneurial teams and employees adopt the same goal orientation. Third, entrepreneurial team centralization and employee perceived power distance moderate the trickle-down effects of business leaders' goal orientation, such that the effects of business leaders' goal orientation on entrepreneurial teams' and employees' goal orientation become stronger when entrepreneurial team centralization and employee perceived power distance are high than when entrepreneurial team centralization and employee perceived power distance are low. Finally, this study uncovers the mechanism of the effects of business leaders' goal orientation on firms' and employees' outcomes, that is, business leaders' goal orientation influences firm innovation and performance via entrepreneurial teams' goal orientation, and employee creativity and work performance via employees' goal orientation. These findings help rich the literatures of goal orientation, strategic leaders and entrepreneurs theoretically, and also provide practical implications for business leaders in small and micro firms.

小微企业在国民经济中占有重要地位，其创业领导者如何抓住系列政策机遇、有效发挥引领作用，成为影响小微企业生存和发展的关键。本研究旨在从小微企业创业领导者个人特征出发，探讨其目标导向对组织经营结果以及员工工作结果的多层影响。首先，本研究提出创业领导者学习型目标导向对组织创新和员工创造力具有更强影响，而绩效验证型目标导向对组织绩效和员工工作绩效具有更强影响。其次，基于社会信息加工理论和社会学习理论，提出创业领导者目标导向的下渗效应，即能够影响创业团队和员工形成相应的目标导向。再者，创业领导者目标导向的下渗效应受到团队集权化和员工权力距离感调节，在团队集权化和员工权力距离感更高时，下渗效应更强。最后，本研究揭示了小微企业创业领导者目标导向影响组织和员工结果的作用机制，即创业团队和员工目标导向的中介作用。本研究结果可以丰富目标导向、战略领导、创业者等相关研究，并对小微企业领导者具有较强的实践意义。

小微企业在国民经济中占有重要地位，其创业领导者如何抓住系列政策机遇、有效发挥引领作用，成为影响小微企业生存和发展的关键。本研究旨在从创业领导者个人特征出发，探讨其目标导向的下渗效应，以及对组织经营结果（创新和绩效）和员工工作结果（创造力和工作绩效）的多层影响。.本研究选择了181家企业进行问卷调查，有效样本为164份创业领导者问卷、488份创业团队成员问卷以及164份企业客观数据，此外，为了检验多层影响，第二轮问卷调研收集了48份创业领导者问卷、138份员工问卷以及48份企业客观数据。本研究的结果表明：第一，三种目标导向相比，在组织层面，创业领导者学习型目标导向对企业创新的影响最强，创业领导者绩效验证型目标导向对企业绩效的影响最强；在员工层面，创业领导者学习型目标导向对员工创造力的影响最强，创业领导者绩效验证型目标导向对员工工作绩效的影响最强。第二，创业领导者目标导向对创业团队目标导向、员工目标导向产生下渗效应，即与创业团队目标导向、员工目标导向正相关。第三，创业领导者目标导向对创业团队目标导向的影响受团队集权化的调节，当团队集权化更低时，创业领导者目标导向对创业团队目标导向的作用更强。而员工的权利距离感不调节创业领导者目标导向与员工目标导向之间的关系。第四，创业领导者目标导向通过创业团队目标导向影响企业创新和企业绩效，通过员工目标导向影响员工创造力和员工工作绩效。.本研究的理论意义主要在于：聚焦创业领导者目标导向这一个人特征，探讨其对创业团队、员工、组织的下渗效应及多层影响，丰富了目标导向、战略领导、创业等相关研究，通过揭示创业领导者目标导向影响组织和员工结果的中介机制，一定程度上打开了高阶理论及战略领导研究中存在已久的“黑箱”。从实践意义上看，小微企业应重视创业领导者个人特征的引领作用，加强创业团队的互动沟通，鼓励创业团队权力共享，发挥对员工的示范带头作用，逐渐形成小微企业的人力竞争优势。