基于空间平台的空间目标检测、成像与识别方法研究

With the development of space technology, many countries advanced in space research pay great attention to exploring the space resource. The technique of space targets surveillance is the key means of space status sensing and the skies mastering. Radar gathering information through electromagnetics can work in far range anytime and in any weather. Space-borne radar mounted on satellites and other platforms will orbit round the earth 24 hours and implement wide area surveillance at home and abroad of space targets such as space debris, satellites in orbit, ballistic missiles. Therefore, the space-borne radar will fit the demand for space-based information systems and future development trends. However, the space-borne radar encounters many challenging problems in principle theories and key techniques of wide area surveillance of space targets far in range and rapid in velocity. This project focuses on space target detection, imaging and recognition with space-borne platform, develops signal processing methods to implement detection of fast moving and weak space targets, to achieve high resolution in radar imaging and to realize target recognition through extracting unchanged characteristics. We will establish a full digital simulation system, break through a series of key techniques. This work will build the foundation of principle theories and key techniques of space reconnaissance and surveillance of satellites, ballistic missiles, space debris and space station. Thus this project will have great significance on national defense, space management and space resource development.

大国间对空间资源的争夺日益激烈，空间目标监视技术是获取空间态势信息和制空权的关键手段之一，用电磁方法获取信息的雷达具有全天时、全天候、远距离工作的优势，将雷达传感器置于卫星等空间平台上工作，可以绕地球一天24小时不间断、无国界限制地大范围远距离监视空间碎片、在轨卫星和弹道导弹等空间目标，具有广阔的应用前景。监视空间大范围、远距离、高速运动目标，面临诸多基础理论和关键技术问题。本项目旨在开展基于空间平台雷达的空间目标检测、成像与识别方法研究，探索短数据、孔径缺失和大视角条件下高速微弱目标检测、高分辨雷达成像以及对姿态变化稳健的特征提取与识别方法，构建一个包括空间平台雷达系统、空间目标回波特性和检测、成像与识别处理的全过程全数字演示验证仿真系统，突破其关键技术，为实现对在轨卫星、弹道导弹、空间碎片以及空间站监视奠定理论算法和关键技术基础，对我国国土防突、制空权及空间资源和平利用具有重要的意义。

针对空间平台雷达探测、成像与识别过程中存在的短数据、孔径缺失、大视角与非均匀杂波背景下的高速微弱目标检测与跟踪、高分辨ISAR 成像与对姿态变换敏感的目标特征识别提取等科学问题开展深入研究。论证构建了空间平台雷达目标检测、成像、识别系统理论与体制，提出了基于非均匀杂波背景下性能优化的稳健空间目标检测算法；利用稀疏重构理论，提出了基于回波缺损条件下空间微动目标及微弱群目标的低复杂度、高精度ISAR成像算法；结合空间平台信息与目标极化特征，提出了低信噪比、小样本条件下精细分类的稳健空间时敏目标识别算法；优化搭建了空间目标检测、成像与识别全数字集成仿真实验系统与半实物仿真平台。为实现空间平台雷达对空间目标进行有效检测、预警、跟踪与识别打下了理论基础，对航天活动安全及空间资源和平利用具有重要的意义。