创业传奇中的英雄与士兵：内隐创业型领导与积极追随力的跨层次互动作用机制研究

For a long time, entrepreneurship was considered as the legend story created by few heroes while the power of numerous followers was neglected. This research reverses lens focusing on how the start-up enterprises obtain multilevel proactive followership. Existing literature emphasized the influence of different explicit leadership styles on followership, but results were more inconsistent. Therefore, this study selects the implicit leadership theory from the perspective of followers’ cognition to reexamine this issue, by integrating implicit leadership theory and entrepreneurship situation into a new conception—Implicit Entrepreneurial Leadership and analyzing its cross-level interaction mechanism with proactive followership. Firstly, depending on the unique leadership prototype of local followers in start-up enterprises, the content and structure of implicit entrepreneurial leadership is identified, which is also used to develop the corresponding measurement scale. Secondly, by using a cross-level design and the social identity theory, the underlying mechanisms that how implicit entrepreneurial leadership influence individual and team-level proactive followership is revealed. Then, according to positive psychological capital perspectives, the shaping effect and psychological dynamics on how multilevel proactive followership influence entrepreneurial leader is unpacked. Finally, considering the influence Chinese traditional culture, the mediating effect on proactive followership is investigated. This study could broaden the theoretical framework of followership and make a deep understanding on how multilevel proactive followership arises, which is helpful to implement effective leadership of start-ups and provides theoretical support for breaking through the growth bottleneck of start-ups.

创业一直被看成少数英雄人物缔造的传奇故事，而英雄背后无数的追随者却鲜被关注。本研究反转“镜头”，围绕创业企业如何赢得多层次积极追随力展开探索。已有文献强调不同显性领导对追随力的作用，然而结论存在较多争议。对此，本研究站在追随者视角选择内隐领导理论作为切入点，融合内隐领导理论与本土创业情境提出了一种新的领导——内隐创业型领导，系统分析它与积极追随力的跨层次互动机制。首先，根据本土创业追随者独特的领导图式，揭示内隐创业型领导结构，开发测量量表；其次，采用跨层次设计，引入社会认同理论，探索内隐创业型领导激发不同层次积极追随力的内在逻辑；然后，从积极心理的视角，阐释积极追随力对创业领导者心理和行为的塑造效应及建构过程；最后，挖掘本土文化因素，明晰内隐创业领导与积极追随力互动的边界条件。本研究力图拓宽追随理论研究框架，加深对创业追随力形成规律的认识，为创业企业实现有效领导，突破成长瓶颈提供理论支撑。

作为经济结构中最活跃的因素，创业企业发展壮大不仅关乎经济转型的成败，同时也承载了无数人的中国梦。然而，创业并非一路坦途，想要修成正果也非易事。因此，团队围绕“内隐创业型领导与积极追随力的互动关系”这一关键问题，展开研究，从核心概念界定、工具开发、理论框架完善、实证检验等四个方面展开论述。.首先，融合内隐领导理论、本土文化以及创业情境特征，提出了内隐创业型领导的内涵。内隐创业型领导是本土创业追随者独特领导原型的一种映射，是传统儒释道价值观以及创业情境管理技能高度融合的产物。其次，采用扎根理论，经过三轮问卷调研，开发了内隐创业型领导的测量工具，包括内隐创业胜任和内隐创业修身的2阶5维度结构，共18个题项，通过比较，证明该构念与创业型领导、中国内隐领导原型、家长型领导、变革型领导等存在显著结构差异。然后，以基础数据库为基础，对理论框架中假设进行实证检验，验证了内隐创业型领导对多层次积极追随的影响机制，结果变量涉及个体，团队、组织三个层面；验证了积极追随对领导者与组织的塑造作用，包括积极追随对创业领导塑造、对商业模式创新影响等。.本研究跳出“显性领导丛林”，从内隐领导理论视角重新审视追随力的来源，，为现有追随力认知中存在的诸多冲突和矛盾提供新的视角。其次，将内隐领导理论拓展至创业领域，提出了内隐创业型领导的新构念，为本土领导理论增添了新成员，相关测量量表也为创业领导有效性探索提供新的理论工具。此外，针对“领导-积极追随”的关系，引入社会认知和角色理论，提出了以关系认同、积极心理为中介的互动机制解释框架，打破“义”和“利”单向解释框架的局限，加深对创业者与追随者互动中独特的对偶心理定位的认识。.课题组共发表论文12篇，培养本科生7名，硕士研究生2名，博士研究生2名，完成了预期任务，基本达成了预期目标。