北方传统农区乡村绿色人居单元空间与技术一体化模式研究——以山东地区为例

Ecological agriculture is a multifunctional way that we can rely on the most to develop rural area. To create new rural human settlement based on the foundation of agriculture, integrating agricultural production, farmer's daily life and rural ecological environment as a whole, can fundamentally promote rural development in a sustainable way. This research takes ecological architecture and industrial ecology as the theoretical platform, using the method of material metabolism analysis and research design through multidisciplinary collaboration, to study necessity and possibility of establishing a unit of green human settlement that integrating agricultural production, farmer's daily life and rural ecological environment as a whole. Then clarify the size, structural levels, system characteristics as well as the balance and amount of constituent elements. On the basis of theoretical research, the project put forward the technology mode of human settlement that consistent with environmental conditions and development needs of the traditional northern agricultural areas. Further research will also summarize the space mode that effectively supports resource circulation and metabolism, as well as the symbiosis of production and daily life. Through the research of the project, it's expected to integrate theoretical achievements between architectural planning and the field of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, then to explore an innovation road and a microscopic mechanism to solve the rural economy, social and environmental problems. Furthermore, this research will be a useful complement to the theoretical research of rural human settlement and will provide practical guidance for the current large-scale new rural construction in China, and therefore has an important theoretical significance and application value.

生态农业是我国农村发展最可依赖的多功能手段，走一条立足农业根基，融农业生产、农民生活和农村生态环境为一体的新农村人居环境建设之路，可从根本上促进农村可持续发展。本项目以生态建筑学和产业生态学为理论平台，通过多学科协作，运用物质代谢分析、研究性设计等方法，研究把生态农业作为关键要素纳入乡村人居环境，构建"三生一体"的绿色人居单元的必要性和可能性，并阐明绿色人居单元的规模、结构层次、系统特征以及构成要素的平衡配量关系。在理论研究基础上，提出符合北方传统农区资源环境条件和发展需求的人居环境生态技术模式，以及有效支持资源循环代谢乃至生产、生活互补共生的空间模式。通过本项目的研究，有望整合建筑规划领域和三农领域的理论成果，探索一个能够集成解决农村经济、社会和环境问题的微观机制和创新道路，对农村人居环境理论研究作出有益补充，也对当前我国大规模新农村建设提供实践指导，因此具有重要理论意义和应用价值。

筛选并完成山东省内44 处典型乡村绿色人居单元案例调研，并对4 个村庄进行了较为深入的个案调研和设计应用研究；开展了我国农村生态庭院、国内外生态村及城市农业的文献研究及成功案例研究。研究以生产、生活、生态三维度分析框架为认识和评估工具，以技术、空间、社会三要素为影响乡村人居环境绿色性能的基本要素，对山东省乡村住区的社会组织方式、代谢模式和空间尺度进行了总结。研究认为，乡村绿色人居单元以功能为导向配置要素，各要素间按照一定方式相互作用相互联系，共同组成一个有机、有序的整体单元，单元具有层次结构，单元结构可拆解为人居生活、农业生产和生态技术3 个子系统；研究以关键基础设施服务半径、城乡差异强化、耕作半径、理论先例等作为参考因素，深入论证了“乡村绿色人居单元”的尺度规模，提出乡村绿色人居单元的最大适宜尺度为半径6.25Km（面积125Km2），人口24500 人。乡村绿色人居单元分为乡镇、新型农村社区／现代农业园区、村庄、庭院4 个尺度类型，研究为不同尺度上的乡村绿色人居单元分别提出了模型。本项目共资助发表学术论文24篇，出版学术专著1部，获山东省软科学优秀成果三等奖1项、山东省高等教育教学成果三等奖1项及山东高等学校优秀科研成果二等奖1项，相关成果在山东省乡村风貌建设研究和烟台市农村新型社区与新农村发展规划2个项目中获得推广应用。研究构建的“三生一体”的乡村绿色人居单元建设模式，能够探索一条从根本上有利于保存和发扬农村特有价值的人居环境发展之路，有效指导“生产发展、生活宽裕、生态良好”的农村可持续人居环境建设，为乡村振兴战略提供理论借鉴。