互联网环境下制造业企业转型升级规律

The transformation and upgrading of manufacturing enterprises in the Internet Era is a frontier field of Chinese management research. The paradoxical relationship between efficiency and flexibility has long been a constraint for the development of corporations. Despite that the advancement of information technologies has partially enabled the manufacturers to achieve both mass production and customization, a fundamental solution for paradox between efficiency and flexibility remains a critical challenge. To resolve this paradox is a major managerial issue since Taylor's scientific management. .Internet technologies have empowered manufacturing enterprises to transform the traditional production mode, and have empowered the consumers to participate in product customization and reconstruction of value chains. By adopting the perspective of business ecosystems and leveraging on the theories of enablement and hybrid organizations, this study aims to develop a customer-centric business ecosystem model which incorporates value creation mechanisms, ecosystem strategies and hybrid organization, in the hope that it could resolve the paradox of efficiency and flexibility, as well as achieve organizational upgrading. This project is ground-breaking for revolutionizing the existing theories on the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing enterprises, which are essentially manufacturer-centric. It also serves as an initial attempt to adopt experimental methodologies for validating and developing research findings derived from exploratory case method studies. It will provide profound guidance on the paths and strategies of organizational transformation and upgrading in the Internet Era. It will also be of great practical implication on adjusting Chinese economic structure and achieving China’s strategic objective of “to construct a powerful manufacturing country”.

互联网环境下制造企业转型升级属于中国管理学的前瞻性课题。生产效率的刚性与顾客需求柔性之间的对立关系制约企业转型升级。随着信息技术的进步，现代生产方式在一定程度上兼顾了二者的矛盾，但仍无法实现效率与柔性的统一。二者之间的对立统一，成为继泰勒科学管理之后的重大难题。.互联网技术赋予制造企业颠覆传统生产方式的能力，也使得消费者参与个性化定制与重构价值链成为可能。本研究旨在从生态系统视角，综合运用赋能、混搭组织等理论，从价值创造机制、生态战略、混搭组织三方面，创建以消费者为中心的C2M商业生态模式，以实现效率与柔性的统一，实现企业升级。作为开创性研究，将颠覆传统制造企业以厂商为中心的转型升级理论体系；并率先在探索性案例方法基础上嵌入实验方法，以验证与发展相关的研究结论。对指导互联网情境下企业转型升级（路径、策略）具有重要的理论意义，对调整中国经济结构，实现“制造强国”的战略目标也具有重大实践价值。

制造企业的转型升级促进了中国经济结构调整，“互联网+”、“+互联网”又为企业转型升级提供新方向。中国是世界上工业体系最为健全的国家，包括500种主要工业产品，研究这些不同企业与产品属性的转型升级，有必要对其进行分类。基于生产效率提升、用户个性化定制程度不同，重点围绕高科技企业、装备制造企业、文创企业这三类企业，探讨其转型升级。本项目调研了36家企业，访谈了805人，收集了大量宝贵一手数据，发表学术论文64篇，教学案例79篇。.不同类型的制造企业转型升级面临共性的管理问题虽然是从“以厂商为中心”演变为“以用户为中心”，效率与柔性的对立统一，但具体到不同类型的制造企业则呈现出转型升级的差异性，研究结论具有三点：第一，高科技型企业的转型升级关键在于数字化转型、核心技术突破和战略变革。例如小米、百度等，具有天生互联网基因，其转型升级不仅需要满足用户需求的产品（服务）组合解决方案，还通过资源能力延伸或重塑提高效率与竞争力；第二，装备制造型企业的转型升级关键在于创新生态系统管理、价值创造机制、战略与组织变革。例如铁建重工、中国商用飞机等，其转型升级不仅需要突破以往资源能力刚性，还需要构建技术创新生态系统与价值创造机制，突破新技术，实现产业效率提升与竞争力；第三，文创企业向C2M转型的关键是实现产品——用户圈层匹配。如拥有工业文化遗产资源的景德镇陶溪川、八百年古窖的李渡酒业等，该类企业具有历史文化内涵，其转型升级不仅需要通过价值链重构、商业模式创新激活已有资源，还需要通过数字技术唤醒与放大其文化价值，高质量实现用户与产品的匹配。第四，对互联网和大数据为依托的智能制造体系开展研究，发现智能制造体系引领三类企业持续转型升级并提供基础条件与系统支撑。本研究结论对指导中国企业转型升级实践具有重要意义。.此外，对案例研究方法与爬虫技术、AI技术、仿真建模相结合进行了探索，以验证或推演研究结论与应用价值。