考虑非正规渠道竞争的电器电子产品再制造闭环供应链回收模式研究

At present, in waste electrical and electronic equipment (hereafter as WEEE) recycling industry of China, the informal sector without WEEE disassembling qualification occupies most market share of waste products, which brought a big competition for qualified manufacturers to engage in recycling and remanufacturing. How to optimize recycling management in remanufacturing is an important issue facing manufacturers. Based on the traditional study on the recycling modes of closed-loop supply chain, the project innovatively introduces the informal sector as an external competitor, depicts the differences on recycling costs, disposing costs and reusing methods between the informal sector and a manufacturer’s closed-loop supply chain, and constructs multi-stage dynamic game models containing recycling competition and sales competition. Firstly, the project examines the competitive impact of the informal sector on closed-loop supply chain. Based on that, the manufacturer’s recycling mode and retailer’s recycling mode are then studied respectively, and the optimal recycling mode for the manufacturer is explored in the following scenarios: static/dynamic game in recycling decisions, two/single production periods and implementing enterprises’ trade-in policy or not, which all originate from recycling practices. Finally, the influences of the following factors on the choice of optimal recycling mode are investigated: enterprises’ recycling capabilities, supply chain structure, market competition and policy environment. The project provides theoretical and methodological support for quantitatively studying the informal sector and recycling mode within the background of the informal sector’s competition, and practical guidance for regulating the development of China's recycling industry.

目前在我国的电器电子产品回收行业，不具备处理资质的非正规渠道占据了大部分市场份额，对有资质的生产商从事再制造带来较大竞争。如何优化再制造的回收管理是生产商面临的重要问题。本项目在闭环供应链回收模式传统研究的基础上，创新性引入非正规渠道这一外部竞争，刻画非正规渠道和生产商的闭环供应链在回收成本、处理成本、再利用方式等方面的差异，构建包含旧品回收竞争和产品销售竞争在内的多阶段动态博弈模型。首先研究非正规渠道对闭环供应链带来的竞争性影响。基于此，分别研究生产商回收和零售商回收两种模式，从回收实践出发，考察在回收决策为静态/动态博弈、两期/单期生产、实施企业以旧换新策略与否等不同情形下生产商的最优回收模式选择。最后，探讨企业回收能力、供应链结构、市场竞争和政策环境等因素对回收模式选择的影响。本项目为定量研究非正规渠道及其背景下的回收模式提供理论和方法支持，同时为规范我国回收行业的发展提供实践指导。

目前，我国大部分废旧电器电子产品流入了不具备拆解资质的非正规回收渠道，对正规渠道的回收再制造活动带来了竞争性的影响。提升正规渠道的竞争能力是我国推进循环经济发展的重要工作之一。面对此现实需求，按照项目申请书中拟定的研究方案，项目组完成了如下工作：（1）研究非正规渠道对正规渠道回收量的冲击以及政府补贴的影响，构建两个渠道依据质量定价的回收竞争模型，探讨政府补贴和市场合作机制对提升正规渠道竞争能力的影响；（2）研究基于回收努力和回收价格的回收竞争以及正规渠道的竞争策略，当正规渠道的回收平台搭建成本改变或者补贴水平改变时，探讨正规渠道应该侧重回收定价的提高还是回收服务水平的提升。基于回收竞争模型，研究我国在2009年实施的以旧换新政策和自2011年以来实施的基金补贴政策，以社会福利最大化为目标，比较两种补贴机制的作用效果。面对第三方回收商带来的影响，很多生产企业实施了以旧换新项目，（3）研究在以旧换新实施背景下生产商的回收模式选择，探讨在销售双渠道结构下，生产商是否应该实施、以及通过直销渠道实施还是通过零售渠道实施以旧换新项目；（4）基于第三方回收商的翻修品对新品销售的竞争，研究生产商的翻修决策和授权策略，探讨生产商是否应该参与翻修活动，以及从事翻修的模式选择，具体包括：生产商自己翻修、授权给已有的第三方回收商，或者扶植一个新的回收商进行授权三种模式，考察三种授权策略：固定授权费策略、利润抽成授权策略以及计件授权费策略。本项目为定量研究非正规渠道及其背景下的回收再制造管理提供理论和方法支持，同时为规范我国回收行业的发展提供实践指导。