黄土高原传统村落绿色水基础设施规划关键技术方法研究

At present, the water infrastructure in the rural environment is under great concern.However, the existing methods of urbanization through artificial pipe network + engineering facilities are not suitable for the Loess Plateau with the regional characteristics of the weak ecological carrying capacity , scattered rural settlements, undeveloped economy and heavy rain concentrated in summer, and the traditional empirical methods are faced with Time challenges. From the four aspects of "use - row - accumulation - net", the core is to put forward the green circulation model of water infrastructure that matches the characteristics of the local area and the demands of the modern development through summarizing and refining the wisdom of experience in traditional water management in the traditional villages of the Loess Plateau, using the basic theories of urban and rural planning and municipal environment, integrating related technical methods and carrying out modern translation. Coupled with the natural landscape , meteorology and hydrology, ecological carrying capacity, land adaptability and spatial characteristics of the villages, and using GIS, RS and SWMM water environment simulation technology, from the "regional aquatic ecosystem combing - layout of village water infrastructure - site and courtyard drainage organization and landscape construction", this paper constructs the technical framework of green water infrastructure planning at multiple scales combined with the typical cases of village practice, which concludes the key technical methods to avoid the high investment and maintenance of gray infrastructure and damage to the traditional style and other defects, inheriting the tradition and promoting the rural green sustainable development in this area.

目前乡村环境整治中水基础设施备受关注，而现有通过人工管网+工程设施的城市化技术方法并不适用于黄土高原生态承载力弱、乡村居民点布局分散且经济欠发达、夏雨集中多暴雨的地域特征，传统经验方法又面临着时代挑战。课题通过总结、提炼黄土高原传统村落传统水治理方式中的经验智慧，运用城乡规划、市政环境等学科基础理论，借鉴、整合相关技术方法并进行现代化转译，从“用-排-蓄-净”四个方面提出匹配当地地域特征与现代发展诉求的水基础设施绿色循环模式，耦合村落自然地貌、气象水文、生态承载力、用地适建性、空间特征等因素，运用GIS、RS、SWMM水环境仿真模拟技术，结合典型村落实践案例，从“区域水生态系统梳理-村落水基础设施布局-场地及院落排水组织与景观营造”多尺度构建绿色水基础设施规划技术框架，凝练关键技术方法，避免灰色基础设施高投入、高维护及对传统风貌破坏等弊端，传承传统并促进该区乡村绿色可持续发展。

农村环境基础设施薄弱，水环境问题一直是乡村人居环境整治中的一道难题，而现有通过人工管网+工程设施的城市化技术方法并不适用于黄土高原生态承载力弱、土地资源紧缺、乡村居民点布局分散且经济欠发达、夏雨集中多暴雨的地域特征，传统经验方法又面临着时代挑战。课题通过总结、提炼黄土高原村落传统水治理方式中的经验智慧，运用城乡规划、市政环境等学科基础理论，借鉴、整合相关技术方法并进行现代化转译，从“用-排-蓄-净”四个方面提出匹配地域特征与现代发展诉求的水基础设施绿色循环模式，结合典型村落实践案例，构建了自下而上全域层面与自上而下单个村落相结合的乡村绿色水基础设施规划导控方法体系，凝练关键技术方法；建立乡村绿色水基础设施实施效果评价体系，以杨陵区新集村为实证对象，通过实地调研、专家打分、问卷调查、定量计算等方法，开展乡村绿色水基础设施实施效果评价。研究表明：（1）传统治理模式与现代技术方法相结合的“绿色水基础设施”规划设计方法，通过“用-排-蓄-净-用”水循环体系的构建，可实现水资源节约及二次利用，同时通过化粪池、人工湿地、涝池中植物微生物降解等传统治理方式实现了雨污水初步处理，并结合现代化处理设施保证最终出水质量；（2）实施度的评价结果表征了村民参与的重要性，村民是乡村绿色水基础设施建设成果的使用主体，其对规划与建设阶段的有效参与是提高乡村绿色水基础设施实施度的重要路径，但受村民受教育程度、技术素养等的限制，需要规划设计方及相关部门对其进行适当的教育引导；（3）实施效益的评价结果与乡村绿色水基础设施的“生态效益为主导，兼顾经济与社会效益”的思想理念相一致，基本达到了乡村绿色水基础设施实施效益的规划预期，但仍存在一定的提升空间。通过研究，可为类似村落水基础设施规划提供指导，避免灰色基础设施高投入、高维护及对传统风貌破坏等弊端，传承传统并促进该区乡村可持续发展。