经验对婴儿面孔种族效应发展的影响机制- - 眼动证据

The other-race effect reffers to the differential processing of own- and other-race,which has been found to exist in adults, children, and infants. Within the adult literature, the other-race effect is most often described in terms of the ability to recognize own-race faces more quickly and easily than other-race faces. Researchers of adult face processing agree that extensive experience with own-race faces and a relative lack of experience with other-race faces leads to better processing for own-race faces than other-race faces. However, exactly how experience exerts its effect is not clear. A developmental approach seems better suited to examine this issue in children. The other race effect emerges early within the first year of life, and the development of this phenomena manifests perceptual narrowing. However, what remains unclear is how and why the other-race effect develops in infancy. The eye-tracking technique can be helpful for resolving this problem. The present project plans to use eye tracking methodology to investigate how and why the other-race effect develops in infancy in condition of natural and training. In natural condition, both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs will be applied in studies. Furth more, the experimental materials included static and moving faces. The research results will answer how and why experience influence the development of the other-race effect in infancy, and contributes to our understanding of the relationship between experience and visual information processing.

面孔种族效应是指个体对本族和他族面孔的加工存在差异，即个体对本族面孔具有识别优势，对他族面孔具有分类优势，这一现象广泛存在于成人、儿童和婴儿身上。已有研究一致认为，本族和他族面孔接触经验的不对称性影响了个体的面孔种族效应，但其确切机制，尚不清楚。儿童发展研究比成人研究相对更适合揭示这一机制。面孔种族效应最早出现在婴儿期，其发展表现为知觉窄化。然而，由于婴儿研究技术的局限，经验对婴儿面孔种族效应发展的影响机制，尚未解决。眼动追踪技术有助于解决这一技术问题。 本项目拟联合眼动追踪技术，同时运用多种实验材料（静、动态面孔），综合横断和纵向两种研究方式，对自然条件和训练条件下婴儿面孔种族效应的发展机制进行研究。本项目的研究结果将回答婴儿对本族和他族面孔的眼动加工模式存在怎样的发展变化，并揭示经验对婴儿的面孔种族效应发展的影响机制，从而帮助我们更好的理解经验与视觉信息加工的关系。

面孔种族效应是指个体对本族和他族面孔的加工存在差异，即个体对本族面孔具有识别优势，对他族面孔具有分类优势，这一现象最早出现在婴儿期，其发展表现为知觉窄化，即婴儿对本族和他族面孔的接触经验的不对称导致婴儿对本族和他族面孔的宽加工逐步发展为朝本族面孔加工的优势。本项目采用眼动技术，运用静态和动态面孔，考察本族和他族面孔不对称经验对婴儿面孔种族效应发展的影响机制。. 本项目完成了六个实验，基于3-9个月婴儿对不同种族面孔加工的注视点、注视时间、注视热图、扫描路径的眼动数据分析，结果发现，婴儿无论在静态面孔的种族偏好、分类任务，还是在动态面孔的注意和识别任务中，均表现出对本族和他族的眼动扫描存在差异，且存在年龄发展变化；这一扫描差异影响了婴儿的面孔种族分类和识别绩效，即随着年龄的增长，婴儿对本族面孔特有的扫描模式与本族的识别和分类绩效相关，而在他族面孔的扫描与加工上不存在这一相关。本项目的研究结果揭示了经验可能通过改变婴儿对本族面孔的视觉加工扫描的精细化来影响其面孔种族效应的发展和发展，即婴儿在面孔种族知觉窄化发展的过程，本族面孔接触经验可能帮助了婴儿更多对本族面孔的知觉学习，这一经验使得婴儿在面孔种族视觉加工中可能是通过眼动扫描模式的精细化影响了面孔种族效应的发生和发展。