农地流转市场的差异化交易成本研究：基于合约缔结分析

China's farmland transfer rate has been improving continuously, but the decentralized small farmland scale operation pattern has not changed significantly. As a result, modern agriculture with large-scale-operation as the central way of farming has not been the norm. It is essential to further study the operational mechanism and effectiveness of China's farmland transfer market. This proposed project summarizes and expands the application of “transaction cost theory” in the research of farmland transfer market. It further asserts the fact that there exist differentiated transaction costs in China's farmland transfer market and it disproportionately affects large landholders when they transfer in farmland. Identifying and testing the differentiated transaction costs in the farmland transfer market through the construction of mathematical models and empirical models is the core content of this project. First of all, China's farmland transfer market can be analyzed based on the three dimensions, viz.，property rights dimension, resource property dimension, and transaction relationship dimension. Second, as the particularity of farmland transfer market can be projected to the complexity of farmer's contract appeal, we can explore the formation mechanism of farmer's farmland transfer contract appeal. Then, we study the mechanism of the differentiated transaction cost of farmland transfer based on the contract formation from the perspective of both contracting parties. Finally, we put forward corresponding policy recommendations to help promote the process of centralized and large-scale operation of farmland.

我国农地流转市率不断提升，但分散化小规模经营格局并无本质改善，规模经营为主体的现代化农业经营格局未能有效形成。对农地流转市场运行机制及有效性呈现进行再探讨是重要的。项目对“交易成本理论”在农地流转市场研究上的运用进行总结及拓展，创新性地提出我国农地流转市场存在差异化交易成本，表现为农地流转市场存在市场分层与对象歧视现象，规模经营主体转入农地时面临更为高昂的交易成本。通过数理模型与实证模型的构建识别差异化交易成本是项目核心研究内容。首先基于产权维度、资源特性维度以及交易关系维度，剖析我国农地流转市场的特殊性；然后将农地流转市场的特殊性投射为农户的农地流转合约诉求的复杂性，探析农户农地流转合约诉求的形成机理；接着从农户单方面的农地流转合约诉求拓展到交易双方的合约缔结过程，由此基于合约缔结视角探析农地流转差异化交易成本形成机制；最后提出相应的政策建议，以帮助推进我国农地经营集中化与规模化的形成。

构建有效的农地流转市场，诱导农地资源集中经营，帮助将科技要素引入农业生产、促使农业摆脱自然条件束缚，是我国实现农业现代化的重要任务。目前农地流转市场呈现规模经营农户形成缓慢，农业小规模经营格局并未得到根本改善的现状。项目认为主要原因在于农地流转市场中的交易成本是普遍存在的，且其大小高低具有对象差异性，最终在整体市场中表征为市场分层与对象歧视。通过理论分析与实证研究，剖析我国农地流转市场中的差异化交易成本，回答为何目前农地流转市场的发育并未促使形成以规模经营主体为重点体系的现代化农业经营格局，进而提出科学的政策建议，有利于推进我国农地经营集中化与规模化的进程，为我国构建现代农业产业体系、生产体系、经营体系，推动乡村产业振兴提供重要依据。围绕上述主要问题展开探析，并将其细分为探析4个阶段性问题。（1）农地流转市场的形成机理及其特殊性研究。市场是“人”对“物”的一种资源配置机制，其运作机理与“人对物”产权特点有关，与“物对人”价值表达有关，更受“人对人”的交易关系的影响。（2）农户的农地流转合约诉求研究。根据“人对人”交易关系，将农地流转合约分为纯市场合约与交易关系嵌入合约，然后进一步将“人对物”及“物对人”纳入研究框架，实证分析其两者对农户农地流转合约诉求的作用机制。（3）合约视角的农地流转差异化交易成本分析。理论与实证结合研究农地流转缔约过程所发生的交易成本具有对象差异化特征。（4）我国农地流转市场有效发育的相关政策研究。基于上述三部分研究内容及其相关计量结果，提炼推动农地流转市场的资源配置与机制的相关政策。本研究的主要应用型研究结论及政策建议主要分为四大模块，一是农地确权政策对农地流转市场发育的影响深度及其政策建议；二是村庄文化与农民传统对农地流转市场交易成本的影响及其政策建议；三是农村劳动力市场与农地流转市场的互动机制及相关政策建议；四是农地流转合约设置要点及相关政策建议。