民众收入不公平感的行为决策研究：参照依赖和损失规避的双视角

In recent years,the increasing income gap between the rich and the poor has given rise to the public’s strong sense of income inequity,which was primarily caused by the relative comparision between one’s own income and the other’s income.This project is based on the paradigm of behavioral decision making,following“theresearch approach and technical route of reference dependence-loss aversion-individuals’ sense of income inequity”,gradually carrying out a series of empirical studies on the generation mechanisms and relieving strategies of the public’s sense of income inequity currently.This project will be aimed at using the multiple methods of psychological measuring,situational experiment,laboratory experiment,and intervention study(quasi-experiment);employing the ERP technique of nerve electrophysiology and the SCR method of psycho-physiological experiment;constructing and testing the integrative reference-dependence framework of individuals’ sense of income inequity,namely self-reference vs. other-reference and single-reference-point vs. multi-reference-point comparation;probing into loss aversion leading to the asymmetry ofindividuals’sense of income inequity based on advantageous inequality and disadvantageous inequality;finally choosing community resident and manipulating the referent,the reference point and the gain-loss framing,and then conducting multi-sample,multi-round and multi- variable intervention studies so as to empirically investigate into the coping strategies of lessening the public’s sense of income inequity,which will be used as the basis of pratical and reliable management strategies and policy advices available for government decision and public policy.

近年来，贫富的两极分化和较大的收入差距已引起普通民众较为强烈的收入分配不公平感，而个人收入不公平感的产生可能主要源于人们对自己收入所得不如他人收入所得的相对比较。本项目从参照依赖对个人收入不公平感的机制解释切入，循着“参照依赖-损失规避-个人收入不公平感”的研究思路和技术路线，渐次展开对当前民众收入不公平感的产生机制和纾解策略的系列实证研究。采用心理测量、情境实验、实验室实验和干预研究相结合的方法，借助神经电生理的ERP技术和心理生理学的多导生理记录仪，检验个人收入不公平感的自我-他人参照、单参照点-多参照点比较的整合性参照依赖框架，探索损失规避对多得不均等和少得不均等的非对称不公平感的根源性作用和神经生理机制；操纵参照对象类型、参照点数量和得失框架，进行多样本-多轮次-多变量的干预研究以实证探索减少民众收入不公平感的应对策略，并据此提出可供政府决策与公共政策参考的管理对策。

当前我国较为严重的贫富两极分化和较大的收入分配差距已引起普通民众较为强烈的收入不公平感，而个人收入不公平感的产生可能主要源于人们对自己收入所得不如他人收入所得的参照和比较。本项目在整合决策心理学的预期理论价值函数和行为经济学的不公平规避基础上，对参照依赖和损失规避对个人收入不公平感的机制影响进行了系列实证研究。本项目主要得到如下研究结论：（1）个人的收入不公平感受参照点的显著影响，而且相比于双参照点，处于单参照点中个体的不公平感程度更低。（2）不同工资水平下，个人的收入分配公平判断具有显著差异，个人对低于平均工资的“受损”比高于平均工资同等金额的“受益”赋予的不公平感的权重更大；不同的工资参照点、多得和少得的分配结果共同影响个人的公平判断，即损失规避在参照依赖对收入分配公平判断的影响中起调节作用。（3）多得不公平只出现在个人有权做出分配决策的情境中，而当个人被动接受多得的收入分配时，多得不公平感并不存在。（4）大脑单侧化对决策框架影响公平判断具有显著的调节作用，即决策框架对公平判断的影响仅出现在右脑被激活的个体中。（5）得失框架和调节定向共同影响个人的收入分配公平判断。综上，本项目经由参照依赖，损失规避和得失框架影响个人收入不公平感的系列实证探索而对提出纾解个人收入不公平感的应对策略有一定的实践意义和应用价值。