多维视角下台商对大陆农业投资的技术扩散研究

Technological change is one of the key factors that promote the regional economic growth. Therefore, how to facilitate the diffusion of advanced technology among different countries, especially from the developed economies to the developing ones, is now attracting much attention all around the world. Technological diffusion, at the mean time, has drawn much academic attention in many subjects such as economics and geography, etc. Most of the spotlight, however, falls on the secondary and tertiary industries. Few scholar debates, through the perspective of geography in particular, have shed light on the diffusion of agricultural technology based on the characteristics of the social networks in Chinese rural regions. TDI (Taiwanese’s Direct Investment) has some similarities with FDI( Foreign Direct Investment), but also some unique featrue refer to the investment in the Mainland China, at the same time, it is well known that China is a very typical relation society, especially in rural regions. The characteristics of the social networks that were constructed on the basis of blood and geographical features play a very significant role on the spread of agricultural technology, which should not been ignored in our studies. Thereby this study attempts to build a multidimensional theoretical framework to invetigate the technological diffusion of Taiwanese’s Agricultural Direct Investment. Made up of three spatial scale, different technological products and subjects, the theoretical framework would allow us to examine the effect, mechanism, channel and pattern of the technological diffusion of Taiwanese’s Agricultural Direct Investment. This study would not only enrich and improve the theory the diffusion of agricultural technology, but also provide some policy basis for futhur cooperation between Tainwan and Fujian, Guangdong province, even between Taiwan and the Mainland China.

技术进步是推动地区经济增长的核心因素之一，如何更好地吸收先进技术、促进技术向欠发达地区扩散，是目前各国各地区发展关注的重要问题，也是经济学、地理学等诸多学科研究的热点之一。但目前多以二三产业技术扩散为研究对象，基于不同农村地域社会文化根植性特征，从地理学视角对农业技术扩散的时空机理进行综合分析的研究较少。台商直接投资除具备外商直接投资的一般特征外，其在大陆投资又具有一定的独特性；同时，中国是一个典型的关系社会，特别在农村地区，建立在血缘和地缘基础上的社会网络特征对农业技术扩散的影响非常显著。以此为切入点，构建多维研究框架，从三个空间尺度、不同技术属性与不同扩散主体（产品及扩散主体——源与汇），多视角、多尺度、较全面地研究台商农业投资的技术扩散效应、机制、途径与模式，丰富与完善农业技术扩散理论与实践，同时可进一步促进海峡两岸经济与农业交流，并推动闽粤两省乃至大陆地区的农业及其技术发展。

技术进步是推动地区经济增长的核心因素，但目前多以二三产业技术扩散为研究对象，从地理学视角对农业技术扩散的综合研究较少，尤其台商直接投资又具有一定的独特性。本研究从不同空间尺度、不同技术属性或扩散主体视角研究大陆台商农业投资的技术扩散模式、效应与机制。主要研究结论：（1）宏观尺度上，台湾农业TFP增速低于大陆均值，但其单位农业从业人员产出远高于大陆各省，台湾是TFP空间效应溢出区。台商大陆农业投资占其对外农业总投资的比重长期保持80%以上，不同于一般台商投资，其在大陆体现为沿沿海北移但西进不足，并且其对大陆东部地区的农业发展具有一定正向作用，但对中西部地区的作用不显著；（2）中观省域层面，台湾农业发展水平整体高于福建，但存在一定竞合关系，也存在农业生产效率的赶超与竞争，台商农业技术溢出效应呈减弱趋势。（3）针对台商农业投资具代表性的靶向品种青枣、兰花、茶叶、鲍鱼进行研究：①台商农业技术扩散规律及溢出效应与一般公益性技术、中间性技术及经营性技术显著不同，与台商农业投资目的（市场占有或资源禀赋寻求）、台商核心技术的保护程度（例如福建台企对兰花产业链的关键技术育种与组培的把控）、台企社会网络嵌入程度以及政府、中介机构的技术指导与辅助机制（例如广东韶关粤台农业合作区，产学研结合是兰花技术扩散的关键引擎，农民组织起主导作用，台商兰场起重要作用但有减弱趋势）密切相关；②部分农业技术（如鲍鱼）大陆已反超台湾，但不能否认台湾九孔鲍的引进对大陆鲍鱼养殖起步阶段的生产配套条件的培育与完善发挥了重要作用。③国家与地方政策作用显著。例如台湾高山茶集群经历初期两端在外的原生路径移植，到中期本地物资与劳动力购买的低端分工之路径延伸，至成长阶段后期的三产融合发展及本地标准化体系构建等路径突破，这一独特的本地嵌入与制度增厚过程均伴随着国家与地方政策的强力加持。最后针对台商农业产业本地嵌入与融合发展提出建议。