基于空气动力学分析的跳台滑雪空中飞行姿态研究

The posture and stability control of the flight phase in ski jumping is the key technology to improve athletes' competitiveness, but there are few related scientific studies at home, especially there is little research on the posture of the flight phase, these restrict the healthy development of athletes' competitiveness. Aiming at the practical problems existing in ski jumping at present, this project adopts biomechanical modeling and computer numerical simulation technology. Firstly, a detailed three-dimensional biomechanical model of multi-body system composed of athletes and skis is established and the SST-SAS turbulence model with nonlinear expression of Reynolds stress is developed to simulate the three-dimensional flow field of aerodynamics. Then, the aerodynamics characteristics of the area near the athletes are revealed, lift-to-drag ratio, jump distance, pitch torque, yaw torque and roll torque of athletes are calculated accurately, and the influence mechanism of the posture of the flight phase on lift-to-drag ratio, jump distance and flight stability are explored and mastered. On these basis, the posture parameters of the flight phase are optimized, and the combination of posture parameters based on the relative optimum of lift-to-drag ratio and flight stability is obtained. Finally, the mechanic requirements for effectively increasing jump distance and flight stability are put forward, and criteria and diagnostic methods for flight stability are established. This work would bring a new understanding to the posture and stability control mechanism of the flight phase in ski jumping, and also provide scientific basis for daily technical and tactical training and improvement of competitiveness of ski jumpers.

跳台滑雪空中飞行姿态及稳定性控制是提升运动员竞技水平的关键技术，但国内相关研究较少，尤其是空中飞行姿态研究更少，限制了运动员竞技水平的良性发展。本项目针对跳台滑雪目前存在的实际问题，采用生物力学建模与计算机数值模拟技术，首先建立运动员与滑雪板构成的多体系统精细化三维生物力学模型，发展雷诺应力非线性表达形式的SST-SAS湍流模型，开展空气动力学三维流场数值模拟，同时揭示运动员附近区域空气动力学特性，预测运动员的升阻比、飞行距离、俯仰力矩、偏航力矩以及滚转力矩，探索并掌握空中飞行姿态对升阻比、飞行距离以及稳定性的影响机理，最后优化空中飞行姿态参数，获取基于升阻比和稳定性相对最佳的姿态参数组合，提出有效提高飞行距离和稳定性的技术动作要求，建立空中飞行稳定性判据与诊断方法。研究结果将为跳台滑雪空中飞行姿态及稳定性控制机理带来新认识，也为跳台滑雪运动员日常技战术训练与竞技水平的提升提供科学依据。

跳台滑雪空中飞行姿态及稳定性控制对运动员运动成绩有着根本性的影响，其相关机理的认识和把握对提升运动员的运动表现与运动能力，乃至运动项目的突破具有很现实的意义。本课题采用生物力学建模与计算机数值模拟技术相结合的方法，开展了跳台滑雪运动员的飞行姿态和空气动力学特性研究。具体工作如下：建立了运动员与滑雪板构成的多体系统精细化三维生物力学模型，发展了一种用于跳台滑雪空中飞行数值预测的非线性湍流模型，并成功准确预测运动员空中飞行过程的空气动力学特性；开展了不同飞行姿态与环境风空气动力特性的数值模拟研究，揭示了空中飞行姿态与环境风对升阻比以及飞行稳定性的影响机理，成功获取了基于升阻比和稳定性相对最佳的空中飞行姿态参数组合；开展了运动员姿态不对称情况下空气动力特性的数值模拟研究，探究了姿态不对称对飞行稳定性的影响规律，总结提炼了有效提高飞行距离和飞行稳定性的技术动作要求，并成功应用到运动实践中。项目执行期间，发表基金标注论文5篇、高度相关论文1篇，其中5篇论文所在期刊为排名前三名的中文核心期刊。通过项目研究，协助培养博士生2人、硕士生1人。