古代复合装饰瓷的界面物理化学效应及宏观光学特性

A unique technique of ceramic double-glazing decoration is known as “Multi-Decoration”, which has been widely applied towards ancient Chinese ceramics. Using the technique, the fired glaze renders artistic charm with the mysterious-looking, flexible, multi-colored “kiln transmutation” spots and blue streaks. The double-glazing decorated ancient wares are aesthetically pleasing and serve as practical utensils. The study of Multi-Decoration takes the fundamental of physico-chemical reactions at multi-interface, and rests on the chemical phase equilibrium relationships of the cover glaze and ground glaze. The study focuses on the combined contribution of melting, flowing, mutual reaction and diffusion between the cover and ground glazes, as well as the development of multi-level phase separation and local surface crystallization during the firing process. The ancient multi-decoration glaze shows various color regions, and the macroscopic optical characteristics of these small regions are analyzed using the Angle Resolved Scattering Spectroscopy. On the basis of the above, new-type double-glazing decorated porcelains are therefore designed and prepared. In addition, the study covers the influence of compositional gradient, physical properties matching between the cover and ground glazes, and thermal history upon glaze microstructure and artistic appearance. The dynamic process of the formation of the multi-decoration effect is also investigated. Throughout the successful study, the relationships among dual-layer glaze compositions, multi-level microstructures, thermal history and visual appearances will be well established. The results of this study will not only reveal the common scientific regularity for the formation of ancient double-glazing decorated porcelain, but also provide scientific and technological foundation for the controllable preparation of new-type multi-decoration ceramic materials.

“复合装饰”是指中国古代陶瓷的一种独特的双层釉装饰方法，瓷器烧成后会在釉面出现“窑变”斑块、蓝色兔丝纹等神秘而灵动多变的效果，艺术性与实用性兼备。本项目从古代复合装饰瓷的多界面物理化学效应切入，以面釉和底釉化学组成及其所属系统的相平衡关系为依据，利用多尺度结构表征手段，重点研究高温下发生在面釉、底釉以及各界面间的反应、扩散、融合等物理、化学过程，对多层次分相及局部析晶结构进行分析与表征，并采用角度分辨散射光谱表征釉面不同颜色区域的光学特性。在此基础上，设计并制备显微结构及艺术外观可调控的复合装饰瓷，系统研究面釉和底釉的组成梯度、物理性能的匹配性、烧成制度等对釉结构和艺术特征的影响规律，探索复合装饰瓷形成的动力学过程。本项目的实施，将建立双层釉组成-多层次显微结构-烧成制度-光学特性的关系，揭示古代著名复合装饰瓷的共性科学原理与形成规律，并为新型复合装饰陶瓷材料的可控制备提供科学与工艺依据。

“复合装饰”是中国古代陶瓷制作中的一种独特的双层釉或多种釉装饰方法，烧成之后瓷器釉面呈现“窑变”斑块、蓝色兔丝纹等丰富而灵动多变的效果，观赏性与实用性兼备。本项目从古代复合装饰瓷的多界面物理化学效应切入，以面釉和底釉化学组成及其所属系统的相平衡关系为依据，采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱、X射线衍射谱、高温显微镜、热膨胀仪、超景深光学显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜（带能谱）、高分辨率透射电子显微镜（带能谱及选区电子衍射）、角度分辨宏观光谱等手段，深入研究了吉州窑、段店窑等窑口复合装饰瓷的原料与配方、底釉-面釉组成特征及反应规律、显微结构及呈色机理。探索了烧成过程中发生在复合装饰瓷各个界面的物理、化学反应及其演变规律，重点研究了高温下发生在面釉、底釉以及各界面间的反应、扩散、融合等物理、化学过程，对多层次分相及局部析晶结构进行了分析与表征。研究了釉面颜色及其与釉组成和显微结构的关系，阐释了古代复合装饰瓷的共性科学原理与形成规律，并准确表征了釉面不同颜色区域的宏观光学特性。从科学角度揭示了中国古代著名复合装饰瓷的物理化学基础，并在此基础上设计与制备了显微结构及艺术外观可调控的复合装饰瓷，系统研究了面釉和底釉的组成梯度、物理性能的匹配性、烧成制度等对釉结构和艺术特征的影响规律，探索了复合装饰瓷形成的动力学过程。研究结果表明，釉的分相与析晶是造成釉面艺术效果千变万化的主要原因。烧成热历史及面釉的厚度是影响釉艺术外观的关键因素。“窑变”色斑中的蓝色或蓝紫色属于结构色，源于釉分相形成的非晶光子结构对光的相干散射。植物灰是重要的制釉原料。对俄罗斯滨海边疆区东夏城址出土的23件标本进行了化学组成和显微结构研究，对烧造窑口进行了确切的溯源。本项目的圆满完成，为重现古代复合装饰瓷艺术效果及研发新型复合装饰陶瓷材料提供了科学和工艺依据，也为陶瓷非遗技术的恢复与传承奠定了基础，具有重要的科学意义及应用价值。