乡村振兴背景下多尺度农村居民点转型不平衡不充分性及耦合机制研究

Nowadays, rural decline has become a global issue. The issue is caused by the process of rural transformation and can be reflected through the land use condition. In order to guide the transformation of rural settlements and revitalize the countryside, it is important to explore the coupling mechanism in rural settlement and its relationship to imbalance and insufficiency. The literature suggests that there exists significant regional difference and hysteresis within rural settlement transformation. Furthermore, there are competitive or cooperative relationships among different levels of rural settlement transformations, including patch-, block- and household level. However, existing studies have not provided sufficient investigation for the above topics. In this project, we aim to select several representative villages in Shandong province as the study area. We plan to apply investigation methods such as participatory mapping and questionnaire survey to construct a database for the issues revealed by rural settlement transformation process. We further leverage spatial analysis and landscape metrics calculation to grasp the spatiotemporal characteristics of rural settlement transformation. The major objectives of this project include: to dissect the transformation mechanisms from a micro-level perspective based on the evolution of land use internal structure; to construct evaluation metric system for examining the imbalance and insufficiency of the rural settlement transformation; to analyze the competitive and cooperative relationships among multi-scale rural settlement systems through living and production function exchange among these systems; and to reveal the coupling mechanism in the multi-scale rural settlement transformation. This project would provide countermeasures and suggestions for rural settlement transformation, which can greatly facilitate the rural revitalization.

乡村衰落已成为一个全球性问题，乡村转型中暴露出来的问题可在土地利用上得以反映。探究多尺度农村居民点转型不平衡不充分性及其耦合机制，有助于指导农村居民点转型，助推乡村振兴。农村居民点转型有显著的区域差异性和滞后性，斑块、地块和宅基地尺度农村居民点转型之间存在互馈关系，而目前鲜有对此问题的研究。本项目拟选取山东省典型村庄，通过参与式制图、问卷调查等建立农村居民点转型及不平衡不充分性数据库；基于空间分析和景观格局指数等方法，宏观把握农村居民点转型特征；基于内部用地类型和功能变化，微观剖析农村居民点转型机制；构建转型不平衡性模型评估农村居民点转型不平衡性；构建转型不充分性指标体系，评价农村居民点转型不充分性；以生活、生产等功能在多尺度农村居民点系统间流转为主线，分析系统间的互竞/协同等互馈关系，揭示多尺度农村居民点转型耦合机制。据此，提出农村居民点转型发展的对策建议，为实现乡村振兴提供参考。

探究多尺度农村居民点转型不平衡不充分性及其耦合机制，有助于优化重构乡村空间，助推乡村振兴。本项目1）比较分析了不同乡村发展类型农村居民点用地空间分布与转型差异；2）精准识别了地块尺度农村居民点用地转型模式；3）从集约利用水平、空间匹配度和变化协调度等3个维度，定量评价了山东省乡村人地关系；4）探讨了供需平衡视角下农村宅基地退出与转型利用。.结果显示：1）不同乡村发展类型县域内农村居民点在数量、平均斑块面积、密度和面积占比等方面均有很大差异性；其演变的差异性主要表现在数量和总面积等方面。2）农村居民点动态转型模式包括边界扩张、飞地扩张、边界萎缩、城市占用、整治等类型，边界扩张模式是农村居民点扩张的主导模式，约占总量的74.37%；边缘萎缩模式是农村居民点减少的主要模式，而城镇占用和整治模式所占比例较小。3）山东省农村居民点用地较为粗放，人均农村居民点面积达212.18m2，超过国家规定标准；并且农村居民点用地面积没有随着乡村人口的减少而减少，反而呈现出增加趋势，二者之间主要表现为强负脱钩、扩张负脱钩和扩张耦合等3种类型，并以强负脱钩为主导类型。4）农村宅基地生活空间的独立性逐步增强，并且实现了生活空间与生产空间的分离；生活功能逐渐增强，生产功能逐步弱化，生态美学功能显现。农户对农村宅基地的需求符合马斯洛的需求层次理论，受到社会经济发展水平、生活方式和生计等多种因素的综合影响。闲置、废弃宅基地数量较多，退出潜力较大。使用中的宅基地供需差异明显，土坯房和泥砖房主要表现为生活空间的供给小于需求，且存在空间的混合利用；砖混房主要表现为生产空间的供给小于需求；楼房则主要表现为供给大于需求。传统农区宅基地应优先退出闲置、废弃宅基地。使用中的宅基地则应根据供需关系、建筑质量、空间独立性等，结合农户意愿，优先引导土坯房退出；鼓励泥砖房退出，适时退出砖混房。