超大视场、全景成像光学系统的像差理论和设计方法

The establishment of ultra-wide-angle and panoramic optical systems is still lack of the guidance of aberration theory. The research project presents a new idea to develop the aberration theory of this type of optical systems: to find the image-field and aperture-ray aberrations separately. The transfer equation of the chief ray is set up and can used to determine the image-field aberrations of the optical systems; the aperture-ray aberrations are calculated with the aberration theory of plane-symmetric optical systems developed by the author. Based on the two types of aberrations, we present a merit function of such type of optical systems. It overcomes the problem of divergence of the aberration series of ultra-wide-angle optical systems if developed with the conventional aberration analysis method of small field-angle ones. Based on our original method, the project is going on the following studies: 1) developing the theory of aberration analysis and aberration control for ultra-wide-angle and panoramic optical systems, studying the merit function and the arithmetic for optimization design and so on; 2) studying the issues related to design of the of optical systems: how to make use of aberration analysis to determine the initial parameters of the optical systems, to optimize the optical system design and to develope noval imaging systems； finally setting up the software bench for aberration analysis and optimization design. The research project will provide a new method for theoretical analysis and a measure for the design of fisheye lens, catadioptric panoramic imaging systems, panoramic annular lens (PAL) as well as catadioptric optical systems under oblique incidence of light beam.

超大视场、全景成像光学系统的建立还没有像差理论指导。本课题提出发展这类系统像差理论的新思路：以分离方式求解像场像差和孔径像差。建立主光线传输方程计算像场像差；应用吕丽军发展的平面对称光学系统的像差理论解决任意视场物点的孔径像差；基于这两种像差提出了此类光学系统的像质评价函数。它克服了用传统小视场光学系统像差处理方法来发展超大视场系统像差将导致像差级数无法收敛的难题。课题基于上述原创性思想开展以下研究：1）发展超大视场、全景成像光学系统的像差分析及控制理论；开展评价函数、优化算法等研究；2）开展此类光学系统设计中相关问题的研究：如何通过像差分析确定光学系统的初始参数、优化光学系统设计、发展新型成像光学系统；并建立光学系统像差分析和优化设计的软件平台。这项研究将为鱼眼镜头、折反射全景成像系统、全景环形透镜及光束斜入射下折反射组合光学系统的设计提供新的理论分析方法和技术手段。

本项目基于项目负责人发展的平面对称光学系统的波像差理论，系统地研究超大视场光学系统如鱼眼镜头、折反射全景成像光学系统的像差分析和设计方法。基本研究思路：建立主光线传输方程计算像场像差；应用平面对称光学系统的像差理论解决任意视场物点的孔径像差；基于这两种像差发展了此类光学系统的像质评价函数。取得了主要研究成果: (1) 基于平面对称光学系统的波像差理论，研究鱼眼镜头各种像差的几何意义和计算方法，发展了基于波像差理论的鱼眼镜头光学调制传递函数（MTF）的计算方法。(2) 发展了超大视场光学系统的优化设计方法，研究发现将前光组的负弯月透镜的前光学面采用非球面可以显著提高光学系统的成像性能。(3) 基于标准遗传算法，发展了自适应归一化实数编码遗传算法及算法程序，该算法具有鲁棒性好、参量搜索范围大的优点。(4) 提出了鱼眼镜头初始结构及参数的设计方法，克服了人们主要参考专利设计，凭借设计者经验，应用Zemax、Code V软件通过不断尝试设计此类系统的盲目性。(5) 发明了一种应用光学方法校正鱼眼镜头图像畸变的方法，它只需镜头设计参数就可以实现，避免了人们应用校正板和算法校正图像畸变的繁琐过程。(6) 提出了软X射线真空紫外正交光学系统的像差解析方法；改变了人们设计此类系统时，主要依赖经验和光线追迹，为今后此类系统的设计和优化提供了有用的解析手段。