新型磁性纳米材料对第一类重金属污染物的吸附性能及检测研究

To date, the prevention and control of the first category heavy metal pollutants in water environment is of great concern.. This project is intended to research the efficient selective adsorption and specific sensitive detection of the first category metal pollutants using magnetic nanomaterials. Based on magnetic nanomaterials, the functional magnetic nanocomposites will be prepared by using layer-by-layer assembly technology. The introduction of host recognition molecular and polymer could increase the specific surface area and adsorption sites of the functional magnetic nanocomposites effectively, which can enhance the adsorption selectivity and saturation adsorption capacity. Moreover, the materials could be recycled using magnetic field. The project will study the performance and mechanism of adsorption process in detail. Due to high and specific binding capacity between the bases of aptamer and the first category metal ions, the functional magnetic nanocomposites as substrate materials can improve the capture of aptamer. By optimizing the strategy of signal response and enhance, the high specific and sensitive electrochemical and colorimetric analysis method will be proposed for determination of metal ions. The aim is to develop the new technology and method of the treatment and detection technology for the first category heavy metal pollutants in water using magnetic nanomaterials, and provide theoretical basis and technical support to improve the comprehensive prevention and control of the first category metal pollutants in China.

利用纳米技术对水环境中的第一类重金属污染物进行综合防控是当前的研究热点。本项目拟以磁性纳米材料为基础，以第一类重金属污染物为研究对象，目的在于实现第一类重金属污染物的选择性吸附和特异性检测。围绕纳米磁性材料，通过层层组装技术合成制备磁性复合纳米材料，引入分子识别主体和高聚物有效增加材料的比表面积和吸附位点，增强吸附选择性和饱和吸附容量，并可通过外置磁场实现有效回收，系统研究重金属吸附性能、探索吸附机理。利用核酸适体碱基与第一类金属离子之间的高特异性结合能力，以功能化磁性纳米材料为基底材料，提高适体固载量，优化信号响应与增强策略，构建特异性强、灵敏度高的电化学和比色法等重金属检测分析方法。本项目旨在通过发展以磁性纳米材料为核心的重金属环境吸附及分析检测中的新工艺与新方法，为提高我国第一类重金属的综合防控提供理论依据和技术支持。

重金属元素如铅、汞、铬、镉、铜等可通过消化道或呼吸道进入人体，并对神经、消化和泌尿等系统产生损害，即使摄入低剂量的重金属也会增加人体致病的风险。因此，如何治理环境中的重金属污染物并且高灵敏检测重金属元素成为当前研究的热点问题。本项目围绕磁性纳米复合材料，探究了一系列磁性纳米材料对重金属离子的吸附去除作用，并构建了特异性强、灵敏度高的重金属电化学检测分析方法。课题组人员分别合成了介孔四氧化三铁、铁酸钴等磁性纳米材料，通过与石墨烯、壳聚糖、高分子树脂、碳纳米管、超支化聚合物等材料复合，实现了对重金属离子如铅、汞、铬、镉、铜等的高效去除，并且对吸附机理进行了深入探讨。同时，基于磁性纳米材料，构建了一系列电化学传感分析策略，实现了对痕量重金属的灵敏检测。进一步拓展了磁性纳米材料在吸附染料方面的应用，传感分析策略拓展至肿瘤标志物的检测，取得了较好的效果。截至项目结题，已在Biosensors and Bioelectronics、Chemical Engineering Journal、Journal of Hazardous Materials、Bioresource Technology、Journal of Colloid and Interface Science、New Journal of Chemistry、Talanta等学术期刊发表SCI收录论文30余篇，申请国家发明专利13项，其中已授权10项。本项目的研究，为环境治理、分析提供了一定的依据，对人体健康、环境分析监测等具有十分重要的意义。