屋顶绿化多尺度水热环境效应及其空间格局优化研究

This research is intended to take Nanjing City as an example. We established two pilot areas, an extensive green roof (EGR) and an intensive green roof (IGR). Firstly, we conduct a long-term observation to clarify the temporal-spatial change and influencing mechanism about the effect of green roof hydrological and thermal performance on site scale. On the basis of the observation data, the related parameters of 3Di and ENVI-met models are calibrated to simulate and quantitatively evaluate the effect of green roof hydrological and thermal performance on the site scale. Secondly, a set of suitable factors and evaluation index system for the development potentiality of urban green roof construction is constructed based on the related research literatures. With the help of RS and GIS technology, based on the field investigation and high-resolution remote sensing data, we intend to conduct a quantitative evaluation of the development potential of the green roof in Nanjing city. Through the interviews with relevant government departments, developers and questionnaire survey with urban residents, we put forward a possible scheme about green roof construction of Nanjing under multiple scenarios. Thirdly, based on long-term observation data of the two pilot areas, combined with high accuracy urban 3D model and meteorological data from automatic meteorological stations and HOBO U30 stations, the parameters of SWMM, 3Di, CFD and WRF models are constructed and calibrated. The effect of green roof hydrological and thermal performance in catchment/urban and basin/city or district under different roof greening development scenarios were numerically simulated using scaling-up method. Then, the multi-scale accumulation and synergy effects of green roof hydrological and thermal performance were analyzed. Finally, based on the theories and methods of urban and rural planning and landscape design, urban ecology and environment, atmospheric science and hydrology, the spatial pattern optimization of urban three-dimensional (3D) natural ecological space was studied through coupling the green roof space. This research attempts to establish an evaluation index system, in order to realize the collaborative analysis and overall planning between ground natural ecological resources and the green roof spaces. It provides an important scientific basis and decision reference for the development and construction of urban green roof and its spatial pattern optimization in Nanjing. Besides, it provides important reference for the planning and construction of ecological city, livable city, resilient city and sponge city using natural- based solutions (NBS) in China.

屋顶绿化已成为城市应对气候变化与快速城镇化的创新建造技术与核心生态战略。基于南京两类屋顶绿化示范点的一体化长期观测，结合实地与问卷调查、LIDAR与高分辨遥感等多源数据，在RS与GIS支持下，通过城乡规划、城市生态与环境、大气科学、水文学等多学科交叉，①运用多尺度水热环境效应数值模型（SWMM、3Di和ENVI-met、CFD、WRF），通过模型参数率定、结果校验，进行尺度上推，阐明屋顶绿化水热环境效应的时空变化特征、形成机理与影响因素，揭示其尺度累积与协同增效效应；②基于构建的适建性评价指标体系，进行南京屋顶绿化发展潜力评价，基于MAS方法，分析政府、开发商和居民的复杂交互抉择行为，构建屋顶绿化发展的多情景方案；③通过整合地面自然生态资源，探索顾及屋顶绿化的城市三维自然生态空间格局优化配置方法与评价指标体系。研究结果可为指导南京屋顶绿化规划建设与优化配置提供重要的科学依据与决策参考。

我国城市正面临日益严峻的因快速城市化和极端天气事件频发引致的各类生态环境与灾害问题，可持续发展面临巨大挑战。屋顶绿化作为一种基于自然的解决方案，业已成为城市应对气候变化与快速城镇化的创新建造技术与核心生态战略。本项目以南京为例，基于两处屋顶绿化示范点的一体化长期观测，结合实地与问卷调查、Lidar与高分辨遥感等多源数据，通过城乡生态与环境规划、大气科学、水文学等多学科交叉研究，采用多尺度水热环境数值模型（SWMM、CADDIS、ENVI-met、WRF），阐明了屋顶绿化多尺度水热环境效应的时空变化特征、形成机理与主要影响因素，揭示了其尺度累积与协同增效效应；基于构建的评价指标体系，进行屋顶绿化发展潜力与优先级评价，并基于多智能体系统方法，构建了南京屋顶绿化发展的多情景方案；通过整合地面自然生态资源，初步构建了一套顾及屋顶绿化的城市三维自然生态空间格局优化配置方法与评价指标体系。研究结果表明：1）屋顶绿化具有比较显著的多尺度雨洪调控能力，能够削减地表径流量、径流峰值和延缓峰现时间，其削减效果受到“源汇”景观格局、降雨特征（特别是降雨总量与降雨强度）和其配置面积与比例等因素的共同影响。2）在建筑尺度上，屋顶绿化总体具有日间降温效应，但在白天几个特定时段有明显的增温效应；在街区与城市尺度上，屋顶绿化的降温效应可达0.48℃（屋顶上方），在中低层建筑上其降温效应可向下延伸至行人高度，日间降温最高可达0.37℃，平均太阳辐射、土壤湿度、空气湿度、三维绿量等对其降温效应具有重要影响。3）屋顶绿化具有很大发展潜力，但亟需构建顾及屋顶绿化的城市三维自然生态空间格局优化配置方法，以期实现地面自然生态资源与屋顶绿化空间的协同分析与统筹规划。研究结果可为指导屋顶绿化的发展建设及其空间格局优化提供科学依据与决策参考。