创业团队嵌入性、团队分裂与初创企业绩效: 基于Timmons创业要素模型的动态视角

The break-up of entrepreneurial team in the early stage of new venture negatively influences the success of the new firm. Exploring the reasons why the break-up happens and how to prevent it become important topics in entrepreneurship field. Based on the dynamic perspective of Timmons entrepreneurial-process-model, this project will introduce the concept of "embeddedness" from human resource management field and apply it to answer three basic scientific questions: (1)in the early stage of new venture, what reasons lead to the entrepreneurial team break-up; (2)how team members would embedded in the entrepreneurial team; (3)whether and how team embeddedness could prevent team break-up as well as balance the three entrepreneurial elements (entrepreneurial team, opportunities and resources) to enhance the performance of new venture. This project will first make a comprehensive description about Timmons entrepreneurial process on the early stage of the new venture, and explore the reasons for team break-up with case study and grounded theory method, then we introduce the "embeddedness" to explore the mechanism how it will prevent team break-up. Finally, we will explore the best fit types of team embeddedness with entrepreneurial opportunities and resources in different stages of new venture with the dynamic perspective. By answering the above basic questions, it is expected at last to give theoretical and practical advice on reducing the phenomena of team break-up and increasing the success rate of new venture in China.

创业团队分裂对创业初期企业的负面影响不容忽视，深入挖掘其根源并针对性地防止分裂产生已成为创业研究急需解决的当务之急。本项目基于Timmons创业要素模型的动态视角，围绕创业初期团队分裂原因和解决方法的研究主线，将人力资源领域的"嵌入性"概念引入创业领域，拟解决三个基础科学问题:(1)在创业初期，导致团队分裂的原因是什么？(2)针对分裂原因，成员应如何嵌入创业团队，其产生和作用机制是什么？(3)团队嵌入性能否以及如何实现创业团队、机会、资源三要素动态平衡从而促进绩效增长？本课题将依据Timmons对创业过程的动态解释，利用案例分析、扎根访谈等质性方法系统梳理团队分裂的原因，在此基础上，引入团队嵌入性概念，回答嵌入性对团队分裂的影响机理问题，最后发掘团队嵌入性、创业机会和资源在创业初期不同阶段的动态匹配性规律。希望通过以上问题回答，为减少我国创业团队分裂现象、提高创业成功率提供科学合理的建议。

创业/高管团队已成为影响创业公司绩效的重要因素之一，然而创业团队的研究仍处于初级阶段。如何构建一个高效的团队以支撑公司有效运转是本项目关注的主要问题。本项目在研究过程中，聚焦于（1）创业团队的构成；（2）团队领导行为和认知模式；（3）团队内部成员互动的研究视角，以组织绩效、个人绩效和个人创新力作为研究结果展开研究。研究结论表明在创业团队的构建上，要考虑不同方面的嵌入性：情感嵌入性、认知嵌入性、结构嵌入性、利益嵌入性和规范嵌入性，才能构建具有凝聚力的团队，提升组织动态能力、组织创新和创业绩效；在领导方面，团队的领导要积极采取变革性领导行为和辩证性思维方式，减少领导负面的辱虐管理行为，就可以有效提高员工工作绩效和创新行为；在与成员互动方面，要选择与下属的性格特点相匹配性格的领导，才能提高员工对领导的信任，进而提升组织公民行为。本项目的研究结论在指导创业公司构建创业团队方面提供一定的理论和实践指导意义和参考。