中国野生小豆资源评价和基因进化分析

Azuki bean (Vigna angularis) is anciently functional coarse grain and traditional crop of earning foreign currency. China has the largest planting area and 80% export trade volume of azuki bean in the world.Wild azuki bean is ancestor species of cultivated azuki bean. Wild azuki bean possesses elite genes of resistance to disease and insect, tolerance to stress of drought, cold and salt，high yield, efficient nutrient absorption and cytoplasmic male sterility in heterosis utilization. Wild azuki bean is the important basis materials for azuki bean breeding and biotechnology research, and the strategic resources of sustainable development for our country. Genetic background of azuki bean cultivars are narrow at present. Germplasms of disease resistance such as leaf spot resistance etc. are scarce. Azuki bean originated in China. Japan has collected four hundred and seventy one wild azuki beans which the most of them came from Japan, only six wild azuki beans were from China including one Taiwan wild azuki bean. In recent years，Japan published research paper in international journal and put forward that azuki bean originated in Japan. The theory of azuki bean originated from China meet serious challenges. Until now, the collection and research of wild azuki bean from China were rarely reported. We have been collected two hundred and fifty wild azuki beans from different ecological and geographical region in China. In this research project, the chracteristic traits of wild azuki bean will been systematically evaluated and analyzed. The elite genes and genetic resources of disease and insect resistance, tolerance to stress of drought, cold and salt，high yield, efficient nutrient absorption will been identified and further untilized. Genetic diversity, population and gene evolution will been analyzed to prove that china is the origin center of cultivated azuki been. This project has important theory value and the practical significance for utilization of excellent genes in wild zauki bean , azuki been improvement and production and the research on genomics and molecular biology of azuki bean.

小豆是古老功能小杂粮和传统出口创汇作物，中国是世界最大小豆生产和出口国。野生小豆是栽培小豆的祖先种，经过长期自然选择演化，携带抗病虫、抗逆、高产、高效养份吸收、杂种优势利用等优异基因，是育种和生物技术研究的重要物质基础和国家可持续发展的战略资源。现在的小豆品种遗传基础狭窄，抗病种质贫乏。 小豆起源于中国，日本收集471份野生小豆，主要是日本资源，仅有6份中国野生小豆，他们近年发表国际性研究论文，提出小豆起源日本，对小豆起源中国说提出严峻挑战。迄今，中国野生小豆资源收集和研究报道甚少，本课题组已采集250份不同生态地区的中国野生小豆资源。本研究旨在系统评价其性状，鉴定野生小豆抗病、抗逆、高效养分吸收、高产等优异基因资源并利用；分析遗传多样性，分析小豆演化和基因进化,证明中国小豆起源中心地位。项目实施对于野生小豆优异基因挖掘利用，小豆育种和产业发展、基因组学研究具有重要理论价值和实际应用意义。

小豆起源于中国,早在12,000年前已在中国被驯化，中国是世界最大小豆生产和出口国。野生小豆是栽培小豆的祖先种，经过长期自然选择演化，携带抗病、抗逆、高产、高效养份吸收等优异基因，是育种和生物技术研究的重要基础材料和战略资源。尽管中国是小豆起源中心,但国内一直没有有效进行资源收集,而日本则系统收集日韩等野生小豆、并发表国际性研究论文，提出小豆起源日本，对小豆起源中国说提出严峻挑战。十年来,本课题组在全国系统采集繁殖保存260多份野生小豆资源。.项目系统评价所收集的野生小豆资源的农艺性状、抗病性、营养品质等性状,分析遗传多样性和小豆驯化选择,以阐明中国小豆起源中心地位。.(1) 系统获得不同地理来源的野生小豆4年25个农艺性状、蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪和籽粒铁含量、叶斑病和病毒病抗性等精准表型数据，为后续GWAS分析和优异等位基因挖掘提供坚实的表型组数据。.(2) 筛选出高蛋白质和高支链淀粉含量资源各10份、高铁含量资源4份，抗病毒病资源3份，抗叶斑病资源2份，为野生小豆优异资源挖掘利用奠定基础。.(3) 率先鉴定野生和栽培小豆特有和共有的miRNA, 预测和分析特有和差异miRNA的靶基因及在功能富集上的差异, 发现这些特有和差异与抗病和抗逆途径相关。.(4) 重测序分析野生和栽培小豆系统发育树和遗传结构等，发现野生小豆选择压力大、小豆驯化进程中有强烈选择信号，在驯化选择区域KEGG富集到植物-病原菌互作和植物激素信号转导等通路基因。.(5) 构建10个栽培小豆×野生小豆杂交及回交后代群体和RIL，把野生小豆抗优异性状基因引入栽培小豆，创制基因定位克隆作图群体和育种中间材料，定位26个重要农艺性状QTL和基因，为基因克隆、优异基因挖掘奠定坚实基础。.研究具开拓性，处于小豆研究领域国际前沿，研究结果对于野生小豆优异基因挖掘利用，小豆育种、基因组学和功能基因组学研究具有重要理论价值和实际应用意义。