海南热带地区设施甜瓜大棚性能分析及优化设计研究

Due to the tropical climate, unique geographical location, plenty of light and temperature, Hainan becomes the core area of the off-season breeding and the base of national winter-planting green vegetables and produce transport to north. Protected cultivation of melon has become the only way to adjusting the structure of tropical high-efficiency agriculture industry, promoting the development of modern agriculture and the efficiency of agricultural, and increasing farmer's income. According to the summaries of protected cultivation home and abroad, the special melon greenhouse was designed with optimization method based on the design of the ratio of height to span, roof angle, ventilation, windshield, anti-insect and rainproof and material selection was studied systematically through the analysis of the ratio of height to span, load, roof angle, environmental factors, anti-insect effect, windshield, skeleton and cover materials of the melon horticultural facilities. Moreover, the tropical climate, economy and the growth characteristics of melon was also considered in this study to result in the special greenhouse for melon plantation in tropical area, and hoping to provide the theory basis for the improvement and development of the melon facilities cultivation in Hainan.

海南热带地区地理位置独特，光温充足，是我国南繁育种核心地区和国家冬季绿色蔬菜冬种北运基地。甜瓜设施栽培生产已成为调整热带高效农业产业结构、推进现代农业发展、促进农业增效农民增收的的必由之路。本研究在总结国内外设施生产的基础上，结合海南热带地区气候、经济和甜瓜生长特点，通过对甜瓜设施大棚高跨比、荷载、屋面角、环境因子、防虫效果、抗风能力及骨架和覆盖材料选择等分析，系统开展高跨比设计、屋面角设计、通风设计、避风设计、防虫避雨设计及材料筛选等研究，优化设计出适合海南热带地区甜瓜种植的专用设施大棚，以期为海南热带地区甜瓜设施种植模式的完善和发展提供依据。

针对海南热带地区甜瓜设施大棚建造标准化程度低、抗风能力差、覆盖材料选择随意性大等问题，根据海南热带地区气候、经济和甜瓜生长特点，通过对甜瓜设施大棚高跨比、荷载、屋面角、环境因子、防虫效果、抗风能力及骨架和覆盖材料选择等系统分析研究，在几何尺寸、材料及力学分析的基础上，优化设计出一种组装式、可规避台风袭击的海南热带地区甜瓜专用棚型GPSG-362Z型连栋拱棚。GPSG-362Z型连栋拱棚设计跨度3.6m，开间2.0m，肩高2.0m，顶高3.082m，屋面角31°，棚间距0.6m；为规避台风来袭，以便在台风来临之前快速将棚顶覆盖材料收起，且卷膜轴卷起后保持平直，设置了顶部薄膜收卷装置，顶部薄膜卷膜轴采用Φ25mm×2.9mm(加厚型)的热镀锌钢管，电动卷膜器的扭矩为100Nm，卷膜轴的长度40m；采用膜网结合覆盖模式，顶部覆盖红色薄膜、四周覆盖标准50目咖啡色防虫网，该覆盖方式有利于促进大棚甜瓜生长，提高产量和含糖量，减少粉虱危害。解决了现有甜瓜大棚建设不标准、抗风能力弱、防虫效果差及覆盖材料选择无根据等问题。. 同时，采用“STS”钢结构计算软件对关键部件(拱杆)进行分析，保证设施结构的可靠性，创造出了适合海南热带地区甜瓜生长发育的微环境，规范了甜瓜大棚建设标准，完善了海南甜瓜设施种植模式，提高了甜瓜的产量和品质，实现了海南热带地区设施甜瓜产业的可持续发展。