候鸟迁徙活动的季节差异和年际差异：以中杓鹬为例

Migration period is the critical period in the life history of migratory birds. Clarifying migration activity and the related factors is helpful for understanding the entire life history of migratory birds. In this project, we will track the migration of whimbrels (Numenius phaeopus) in long term to clarify their migration timing, migratory routes, stopover decisions, and habitat use at stopover sites. This could fill the knowledge gaps in understanding the migration ecology of whimbrels. We will further compare the migration activity of whimbrels in spring and autumn. Combining with analysis on the published migration data of other migratory birds, we will test the effects of time pressure due to breeding in high latitude on the migration of birds. In addition, we will compare the interannual differences of migration activity focusing on the same individuals. According to the migration and breeding investment of individuals in the earlier periods, we will explore the short- and long-term influences of carry-over effects. Results from this project will be helpful for clarifying the adjustment of migration activity and the related mechanism, as well as understanding the adaptability of migratory birds to diverse environments. Moreover, results will provide evidences for recognizing the close linkage among various periods in the life history of migratory birds.

迁徙期是候鸟生活史的关键时期，阐明候鸟的迁徙活动规律及其影响因子对于认识候鸟的完整生活史具有重要作用。本项目拟以中杓鹬(Numenius phaeopus)为代表性研究对象，对其迁徙活动进行长期追踪，分析其迁徙日程和路线、迁徙停歇决定以及迁徙停歇地利用等特征，填补该物种迁徙生态研究的空缺；比较中杓鹬春季和秋季迁徙活动的季节差异，结合对已有的多种候鸟迁徙数据的综合分析，剖析候鸟在高纬度繁殖所带来的繁殖时间压力对迁徙活动的影响；基于不同个体在迁徙日程、繁殖投入等方面的特征，进一步探讨生活史经历对候鸟的短期和长期影响。本项目的研究结果对于进一步认识候鸟迁徙活动的调控及其适应性具有重要意义，并为理解候鸟不同生活史阶段之间的密切联系提供依据。

迁徙期是候鸟生活史的关键时期，阐明候鸟的迁徙活动规律及其影响因子对于认识候鸟的完整生活史具有重要作用。本项目以东亚-澳大利西亚迁飞区的中杓鹬(Numenius phaeopus)为代表性研究对象，基于对其迁徙活动的长期追踪，确定了其迁徙日程、迁徙路线、关键迁徙停歇地；发现了风的支持作用以及云量对飞行高度选择具有显著影响，指出中杓鹬通常在海拔1000米以下的低空飞行；揭示了迁徙活动的种群差异、季节差异和年际差异，解析了候鸟在高纬度繁殖的时间压力对春季迁徙活动的影响；阐明了中杓鹬在崇明东滩这一关键迁徙停歇地的栖息地类型以及栖息地利用的个体差异、昼夜差异和潮汐影响，强调了即使是像中杓鹬这样可以利用多种栖息地类型的鸟类，提供多种类型的栖息地可以提高鸟类的环境容纳量和提升保护效果；首次发现中杓鹬亚种N. p. rogachevae至少有部分个体的迁徙路线位于东亚-澳大利西亚迁飞区，而以往认为在该区域常见的指名亚种可能仅在迁飞区的西部零星分布甚至没有分布；发现了中杓鹬的迁徙日程、迁徙路线和关键迁徙停歇地的利用在年际间保持着高度的稳定性。本项目的研究结果对于全面认识中杓鹬迁徙活动特征及其维持和调控，为开展迁徙鸻鹬类及其栖息地的保护工作提供了科学依据。