人为扰动对渤海湾水鸟栖息地利用和繁殖成功率的影响研究

Coast wetlands which provide high value of ecological services for human being, also are the important natural habitat for thousands of migration birds including the shorebirds. Increasingly human activities has imposed negative effect on the birds in wetlands, as a consequence, they concentrated in few natural wetlands remain or shifted to low quality habitat for reproduction and survival. Yellow sea (including Bohai bay), as one of the most important stopover sites of East Asian-Australasian Flyway (hereafter EAAF), the research and preserve of which has attracted lots of attention from worldwide. Although several researches have been done on waterbirds locally, these researches have some weakness of the species and subjects involved. Here we try to use the dominant species in the wetland of Bohai Bay, Curlew sandpiper Calidris ferruginea, Black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa melanuroides and Kentish plover Charadrius alexandrinu in this research, through the long term and systematically ecological study, try to find out how the shorebirds use different habitats under human disturbance? Whether human disturbance will be the main cause of the extremely low breeding success of Kentish plover? How the trend will be of the population density of the local breeding shorebirds, adults’ sex rate and survival’s rate? The result of this research will provide very important basis for waterbirds and habitat conservation in Bohai Bay.

滨海湿地是具有重要生态系统服务功能的高价值区域，也是鸻鹬类等众多迁徙候鸟的重要栖息地。日益增长的人类活动往往会对滨海湿地水鸟产生负面影响。作为东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线的最重要中间停歇地，渤海湾湿地的保护直接关系到多种候鸟的迁徙、生存和繁衍。尽管本地区在湿地水鸟方面已经开展了一些研究工作，但无论在研究的物种还是研究的内容上都还存在很多欠缺。本项目拟以渤海湾滨海湿地的优势物种弯嘴滨鹬Calidris ferruginea、黑尾塍鹬Limosa limosa melanuroides及环颈鸻Charadrius alexandrinu为主要研究对象，通过长期系统的生态学研究，搞清其在人为干扰的背景下如何选择和利用不同类型的栖息地？人为扰动是否是导致在本地繁殖的环颈鸻拥有极低繁殖成功率的主要原因？本项目的研究成果将为渤海湾地区水鸟及其栖息地的保护提供重要依据。

人为扰动（human disturbance）是影响鸟类分布、选择和利用栖息地的重要因素。作为东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线的最重要中间停歇地，渤海湾湿地的保护直接关系到多种候鸟的迁徙、生存和繁衍。尽管本地区在湿地水鸟方面已经开展了一些研究工作，但无论在研究的物种还是研究的内容上都还存在很多欠缺。本项目以渤海湾滨海湿地的优势物种黑尾塍鹬、反嘴鹬及环颈鸻为主要研究对象，通过为期四年的生态学研究，我们搞清了在人为干扰的背景下鸻鹬类可以选择和利用多种类型的栖息地，包括滩涂和盐池。通过野外观测、彩环标记、卫星追踪等方法，我们获得了黑尾塍鹬、反嘴鹬、银鸥和环颈鸻的迁徙路线和迁徙规律，同时我们发现了黑尾塍鹬一个新的亚种，定名为黑尾塍鹬的渤海湾亚种。我们发现，人为扰动可导致在渤海湾繁殖的环颈鸻繁殖成功率降低，但其雏鸟性比没有显著性的性比偏倚，并且和孵化日期及亲鸟的身体状态无关。研究表明，在野生环颈鸻种群中，催乳素浓度能反映其亲鸟孵卵投入的程度，而且亲鸟体内催乳素浓度与其巢存活率存在正相关关系。本项目的研究成果为渤海湾地区水鸟及其栖息地的保护提供了重要依据。