全球广义粉孢牛肝菌属的系统学与分类学研究

Based on the foundation of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, seventeen lineages were revealed in Tylopilus s.l., of which 9 lineages representing 9 known genera and 8 lineages might represent 8 new genera or new subgenera. It is unexpected that so many lineages are revealed in Tylopilus s.l., thus only four of the seventeen lineages were fully studied. Based on the former studies, we will employ integrated and inter-disciplinary approaches including morphological characterizations, ultra-structural investigations of basidiospores, molecular phylogeny based on multigene nucleotide sequences and molecular evolution of global Tylopilus s.l., including the remaining uninvestigated 13 lineages revealed in our previous studies and the potential new lineages that will be delimitate in our latter studies. The goals of this project are (1) to reveal the diversity at generic level in Tylopilus s.l. and relationships among these genera, (2) to understand the evolution of synapomorphy and homoplasy among lineages in Tylopilus s.l., (3) to elucidate concept of species and understand the molecular evolution, speciation and evolutionary history of these species. This project is of significant scientific importance in understanding the origin, speciation, evolutionary history, and co-evolution of species with their host plants.

通过青年基金项目的实施，我们发现广义粉孢牛肝菌属至少可以划分为17个支系，其中9个支系分别代表了已知的9个属，其余8个支系为8个新属或新亚属。该属如此复杂和多样，隐藏着如此多的系统发育支系，这是项目组未曾预料到的。在前期的研究中，项目组仅对其中材料积累比较丰富、实验数据较为全面的4个支系开展了深入研究，但其他13个支系有待后续结合多学科证据进行深入研究。本项目将基于世界范围取样，对前期发现的尚未深入研究的支系和后续有可能发现的新支系及支系内物种的亲缘关系开展形态、超微、系统发育及分子进化等方面的综合研究，揭示全球广义粉孢牛肝菌属在属级或亚属级别上的多样性，掌握各属或各支系的关键形态学性状，明确哪些特征属于共衍征，哪些为同塑性状，认识关键形态学性状的分类价值和演化趋势，探索近缘物种分化的可能动因。本研究对认识全球广义粉孢牛肝菌属真菌的起源、演化历史及其与植物的协同进化，具有重要科学意义。

广义粉孢牛肝菌属真菌形态多样、结构繁杂，分布广泛，现有属种亲缘关系复杂不清。本项目对该类真菌104种981份样品全球范围取样基础上，开展了形态解剖及分子系统发育研究，研究发现广义粉孢牛肝菌属至少可以划分为19个支系，其中11个支系分别代表了已知的11个属，其余8个支系为8个新属；利用形态解剖学证据及nrLSU、tef1-α、rpb1和rpb2等多基因序列联合分析方法，首次较全面地研究了我国广义粉孢牛肝菌属物种，澄清了各属间及属内种间的系统亲缘关系，发现我国该属真菌至少有19属（8新属和11个已知属）92种（47个新种，15个新组合，10个我国新记录种和20个已知种），将我国广义粉孢牛肝菌属的种类由原先知道的近30种提升到了92种，新增我国该类真菌近70%的物种；本项目已发表广义粉孢牛肝菌属4个新属，3个我国新记录属、28个新种、12个新组合、5个中国新记录种和10个过去描述过于简单不利于鉴定的物种；本研究澄清了广义粉孢牛肝菌属在属级水平上的多样性和属内物种多样性，更正了众多的错误认识，对解决广义粉孢牛肝菌属的分类学、系统学及生态成种等问题具有较重要科学意义。