青藏高原地产药材麻花艽品质形成的生态环境机制研究

Generally, quality control of Chinese medicinal materials is the basis of Chinese traditional medicine, while chemical composition is the internal quality standard to evaluate the quality of medicinal materials. It is also well known that ecological environment plays an important role on the effect of chemical constituents of herbal medicines. Quality variations of herbal medicines from different producing area fully reflect the influence of environment on the quality of herbal plants, and then multiple environmental factors together lead to an integrated ecological role on the plants. Therefore, an endemic herbal medicine Gentiana straminea Maxim. distributing in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was chosen in this study. Based on a wide range of multiple sampling localities, a large of multiple parameters, such as the multi-chemical constituents, community characteristics, soil physical and meteorological properties, was analyzed and obtained by using analytical chemistry and plant ecology methods. Then quality evaluation system is developed using cluster analysis, analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy synthesizing evaluation methods so as to establish a comprehensive index system of quality evaluation of G.straminea. According to our study, differentiation in the quality of different origins of G. straminea materials was distinguished. Meanwhile, the ecological environment mechanism of this medicine in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was also discussed to reveal the dominant ecological environmental factors affecting the quality of this medicine. Finally, a scientific quality evaluation model was constructed, which could provide an important foundation for quality evaluation of other Chinese traditional herbal medicines.

药材品质是中医药研究的基础，化学成分则是评价药材品质的内在质量标准。生态环境是影响药用植物资源化学成分的重要因素，不同产地的药材质量变异充分体现了环境对药材质量的影响，而多环境因子则共同组合起来对植物起着综合的生态作用。因此，本项目以青藏高原地产药材麻花艽为研究对象，拟从地理分布尺度和生态分布梯度上开展大范围多点采样，通过分析化学、植物生态学、地球化学、化学计量学等多学科交叉研究方法，获取化学成分特征、群落特征、土壤理化性质、气象因素等多指标定量化参数，利用聚类分析、模糊数学、灰色关联度、逐步回归等定量化综合分析手段，构建麻花艽适宜品质特征评价方法，揭示不同产地麻花艽资源品质的差异，阐明青藏高原特殊环境条件下不同产地麻花艽药材品质的独特性及其品质形成的主导生态环境因子，为青藏高原特色生物资源合理开发和利用提供量化的科学依据。

药材品质是中医药研究的基础，化学成分则是评价药材品质的内在质量标准。生态环境是影响药用植物资源化学成分的重要因素，不同产地的药材质量差异充分体现了环境对药材质量的影响，而多环境因子则共同组合起来对资源品质起着综合的生态作用。本项目以青藏高原地产药材麻花艽为研究对象，在青藏高原大的环境背景条件下从地理分布尺度和生态分布梯度上进行了大范围多点的取样调查。利用现代分析化学技术，定性定量地准确分析了四种环烯醚萜苷类成分、30种游离脂肪酸成分、20种氨基酸成分的含量；同时利用ICP－AES法以及苯酚－硫酸法分别测定了9种无机元素、可溶性多糖的含量。在此基础上，建立了生态环境因子数据库和化学成分多元数据库，利用定量化综合分析手段，对麻花艽药材品质进行了分析和评价，揭示了不同产地药材品质的特征及影响药材品质的主要环境因子。结果表明，麻花艽活性成分主要特征可以解释为“镇静止痛”、“抗菌消炎”等，建议在对麻花艽样品进行分类时，既要考虑指标性成分龙胆苦苷和落干酸的含量，同时也要兼顾其他几种环烯醚萜苷类成分，将4种活性成分综合考虑，能够更为科学合理地对麻花艽药材进行分类。麻花艽中游离氨基酸成分主要特征为抗病、抗逆等，这可能与麻花艽长期适应青藏高原特殊生态环境有关。麻花艽脂肪酸成分特征归纳为“高碳能量因子”。麻花艽中元素所起的作用主要与植物的生理、代谢过程有关，可将其主要特征归纳为“生理代谢”作用。分析结果显示，温度、纬度和土壤Ph值是影响药材品质的主要环境因子，青海高原麻花艽的分布基本以青海湖为界，分别向南和向北分布。该项目的实施，可为青藏高原特色生物资源合理开发和利用提供量化的科学依据和有益的参照。