太湖流域地方猪种基因组保护方法研究

Taihu area gave birth to several famous genetic resources in the world, including Meishan, Erhualian, Mi, Fengjing, Shawutou and Jiaxing Black. The conservation of these genetic resources concerns the sustainable development of pig industry. However, the current conservation method requires at least establishing a conservation population and keeping the genetic structure unchanging for each breed. This strategy involved a huge investment, but the effect is not good. In view of this, this project is intended to develop a new systematic method for genomic conservation based on genomic information. The basic strategy is to combine the genomes of all the breeds involved into a united genomic system, then divides the system into a series of structural modules, and after that uses the genetic diversity within the structural modules as the conservation targets. On the basis of this strategy, the following studies will be carried out: (1) genomic structure and function analysis, including construction of conservation reference population, genome structure partition, indicators of genetic diversity, structural module distribution and functional annotation; (2) the construction of genomic conservation mode, theoretical analysis, simulation research and small-scale experiment verification based on structural modules. Three genomic conservation modes are mainly considered: (1) uniting the breeds into a single population and taking carrying out conservation only; (2) carrying out conservation in the breeds separately; (3) carrying out conservation and selection in the breeds separately. This study will innovate the conservation theory, which will help to support decision for the follow-up protection of pig breeds in Taihu area. It also has important and far-reaching significance for the conservation of animal genetic resources in China.

太湖流域孕育了梅山猪、二花脸、米猪、枫泾、沙乌头、嘉兴黑等著名遗传资源。保护这些遗传资源，关乎养猪业的可持续发展。但按现行保种方法——每个品种、品系至少建立一个保种群且维持其遗传结构不变，不仅投入巨大而且效果不好。有鉴于此，本项目拟创立一套基于基因组信息的新保种方法——基因组结构保护法。基本策略是将这些品种、品系的基因组“化零为整”为一个基因组系统，进而将该系统“化整为零”为一系列结构模块，然后以结构模块内的遗传多样性作为保种目标和抓手。在此策略的基础上开展下列研究：①基因组结构与功能分析，包括构建保种参考群体、基因组结构剖分、遗传多样性指标、结构模块分布及功能注释。②基于结构模块的保种模式的构建、理论分析、模拟研究及小规模实验验证，模式主要包括并群保种、分群保种以及分群保种-选择三种。本研究将创新保种理论，有助于为太湖猪种的后续保护提供决策支持，对全国畜禽资源的保护也有重要而深远的意义。

太湖流域孕育了梅山猪、二花脸、米猪、枫泾、沙乌头、嘉兴黑等著名遗传资源。保护这些遗传资源，关乎养猪业的可持续发展。但按现行保种方法——每个品种、品系至少建立一个保种群且维持其遗传结构不变，不仅投入巨大而且效果不好。有鉴于此，本项目创立了一套基于基因组信息的新保种方法——基因组结构保护法。基本策略是将这些品种、品系的基因组“化零为整”为一个基因组系统，进而将该系统“化整为零”为一系列结构模块，然后以结构模块内的遗传多样性作为保种目标和抓手。本研究首先从基因组层面上研究了中国地方猪种的分子种质特异性遗传基础，为后面对它们进行精准保护和选育奠定基础。然后，从分子水平上评价了小群维稳法的保种效果，为未来保种效果的监测提供一套科学的分子评价标准。其次，针对当前品种的分级保护制度缺乏分子依据，我们从保护遗传多样性的角度出发，重新确立了品种的保护优先序列。再次，为了充分利用地方猪种的优良分子种质特性，我们引入了最优贡献选择方法并进行了适当的改进，能够将保种与选育结合起来，既有效利用品种的优良特性，又能维持整个群体的遗传多样性水平。并在此基础上，结合不同的交配方式，提出了长期保护遗传多样性的最佳组合方法。最后，初步探索了多品种整合保护方法的可行性，为国家在一定区域内合并保种群，建立资源中心提供了参考。