民族旅游村寨地方性知识对生态环境保护的影响：过程与机理

National ecology, geography and cultural geography interactive development environment, resulting in a "Local knowledge" theory. The project will be introduced into China Research and Practice of the Construction of the National Park, the National Tourism Development Discussion context traditional ecological knowledge of the natural environment protection mechanism. Selecting Pudacuo northwest Yunnan Meili Snow Mountain and Laojun Mountain National Park, for example, the use of field survey and spatial analysis, mesh analysis lay up, "thick description" and other research methods, built of traditional ecological knowledge "Livelihoods - Faith - ternary theoretical Minzu-ecology, cultural geography and environmental geography have interactively made "traditional ecological knowledge" theory. The study will introduce it into practice and research of Chinese national parks and other protected areas, and explore the.mechanism about traditional ecological knowledge to the natural environment protection under the background of ethnic tourism development. Selecting Pudacuo, Meili Snow Mountain and Laojun Mountain as cases of northwest Yunnan National Park, with field survey and spatial analysis, mesh analysis lay up, "thick description" and other research methods, this study will construct “Livelihoods-Faith–Rules” ternary theoretical framework of traditional ecological knowledge ", explore livelihoods, beliefs and rules of procedure and the role of the characteristics of the natural environment from both synchronic and diachronic level respectively, make the role of traditional ecological.knowledge of the construction under the background of the national tourism development of the natural environment mechanisms at the ethnic tourism development background of traditional ecological knowledge of how to reconstruct how the effective integration of knowledge and modern ecological development and protection so that cracks and other problems, the urgent need to make further.explored in theory. This paper will help reverse the defects that conservation on practice and research in China hasn’t paid attention to traditional cultural dimensions, expand traditional ecological knowledge studies sight, and link traditional and modern ecological knowledge and environmental protection in National Park and community development.

民族生态学、文化地理学与环境地理学交互发展，产生了“地方性知识”理论。本项目将其引入民族地区旅游开发与生态环境保护的实践与研究中，探讨民族旅游开发背景下地方性知识对生态环境保护的过程与机理。选取梅里雪山雨崩村与明永村、元阳梯田箐口村、西双版纳傣族园、泸沽湖落水村为案例地，运用田野调查与空间分析、积储网格分析、“深描”法等方法，构建地方性知识“生计-信仰-规则”三元理论分析框架，分别从共时性和历时性两个层面探讨生计、信仰与规则对生态环境保护的作用过程与机理，建构民族旅游开发背景下地方性知识对生态环境保护的作用机制，在民族旅游开发背景下地方性知识如何进行重构、如何与现代生态知识有效融合从而破解开发与保护等难题。本课题有助于扭转中国自然保护地实践与研究中对传统文化维度重视不足的缺陷，拓展地方性知识的研究视域，有效剖析民族旅游开发与地方性知识、现代生态知识、生态环境保护之间的复杂关系。

本项目聚焦于民族旅游村寨这一场域，探讨地方性知识对生态环境保护的过程与机制。在理论上，构建了地方性知识“生计-信仰-规则”理论分析框架，从生计方式、精神信仰与传统规则三个维度分析旅游开发与自然环境保护之间的复杂关系，构建地方性知识的结构机制与传统文化适应的理论分析框架。在实证研究上，本项目综合运用多案例研究（云南、贵州、西藏等民族旅游村寨）和文献资料，识别出地方性知识对自然环境治理实践的过程与效应，生计方式转型过程中民族旅游社区居民的传统文化不适的表征。.主要研究结果如下：第一，通过探讨民族旅游社区在由农牧业等传统生计方式向现代旅游生计方式转型过程中，指出当地人存在传统文化不适的问题。这一不适具有深刻的内在认知逻辑。一方面，藏传佛教、神山信仰、传统规则等传统文化规范与约束型塑了当地人对于农牧业的高度适应与认同。另一方面，对现代旅游业的认知除了受传统文化规范与约束外，更受市场经济机制的支配。第二，地方性知识破解了旅游开发与自然环境保护的矛盾困境。之所以成功，根源在于地方性知识呈现的“核心-中介-边缘”结构机制。地方性知识践行自然环境治理的结构机制揭示民族地区文化和自然、人与地的相互依存关系。第三，从方法论上来讲，作为一个外来研究者探索民族旅游村寨依靠地方性知识进行自然环境治理过程实际上是一个文化认识和发现的过程。第四，在大规模的公路等基础设施修建过程中，地方性知识发生了重要流变。本项目聚焦于案例地公路修建过程中的矛盾冲突，探究了公路建设、流动性与旅游开发之间的复杂关系。研究指出，在地理尺度和旅游发展的不同阶段，流动性与旅游之间的关系是不同的，存在资源竞争、旅游困境、现代焦虑和保护矛盾等四种类型的冲突。.本项目的主要发现有助于识别民族地区利用地方性知识进行自然环境治理实践的过程与效应，构建地方性知识对自然环境治理的机制，以及为乡村振兴战略下的生态环境保护提供借鉴。