生态补偿对生态脆弱区农户可持续生计影响机制研究

The unsteady ecological restoration owing to vulnerable farmer's livelihoods extraordinarily threatens the social-economic sustainable development in ecologically fragile regions. So boosting the livelihood sustainability becomes the key of sustainable ecological restoration. While payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a transparent system for the additional provision of environmental services through conditional payments to voluntary providers which could gain these goals through mechanism innovation. So the project selects the Changting County of Fujian Province-one typically ecologically fragile region of red soil mountains and hills in South China-as the study area. Firstly, this study sums up the geographical environment of sustainable livelihoods and identifies the key influencing factors. Then adopting the academic ideas of international Sustainable Livelihood Approach(SLA) and using related research methods, such as field survey, systematic analysis, mathematical statistics, the research develops a farmer's sustainable livelihood assessment index system on household scale and community scale. Then the project appraises the dynamic influence of PES on farmer's sustainable livelihoods, and clarifies the functional process and basic law of PES on farmer's sustainable livelihoods. These will promote the process research of PES on sustainable livelihoods. Moreover, the project confirms the influence extent difference of PES on farmer's sustainable livelihoods with different PES patterns, livelihood assets, and regional conditions. And after selecting the pivotal livelihood factors under the PES, the influence mechanism of PES on farmer's sustainable livelihoods is also systematically analyzed relying on related multivariate linear models. Finally, the study simulates the effect of different PES countermeasures on rural household sustainable livelihoods by means of scenario analysis, and puts forward some PES policies in order to promote the rural household livelihood sustainability. The results would enhance the influence mechanism research of PES on rural household sustainable livelihoods, and provide scientific grounds for drafting sustainable development policies in ecologically fragile regions.

脆弱农户生计诱发生态恢复的反复无常严重威胁着生态脆弱区社会经济可持续发展，故建立农户可持续生计是生态脆弱区生态恢复可持续性的关键。而生态补偿作为保护和可持续利用生态系统服务的一项制度，可通过机制创新实现该目标。本项目以长汀县这一典型南方红壤丘陵山地生态脆弱区为研究区域，在辨识农户可持续生计关键影响因子的基础上，借鉴国际上可持续生计框架的学术思想，采用农户调查、系统分析和数理统计等方法，构建农户和社区尺度上农户可持续生计评价模型，阐明生态补偿对农户可持续生计动态影响，弥补生态补偿对农户可持续生计作用过程研究上的缺失；进而筛选出生态补偿作用下关键生计因素，构建农户和社区尺度上生态补偿对农户可持续生计影响的多元线性模型，揭示生态补偿对农户可持续生计的影响机制；并对未来生态补偿结果进行情景模拟，提出促进农户生计可持续的生态补偿政策；为深化生态补偿理论研究以及促进生态脆弱区的可持续发展提供科学依据。

生态补偿作为一项激励机制可通过农村扶贫和生态恢复破解贫困和环境退化之间的相互作用，实现农户可持续生计和环境保护的“双赢”目标。为此，本项目选取中国南方红壤丘陵山地生态脆弱区的典型地区为例，在总结研究区不同时期生态补偿方式类型及受益对象基础上，借鉴国际上可持续生计分析框架详细阐释生态补偿对不同类型农户可持续生计的动态影响，研究结果表明，生态补偿和其他相关制度使得参与农户获取林地资源使用权而排斥了其他非参与户的使用权，夯实了参与农户各项生计资本并形成了相应的可持续生计；非参与农户只能被动接受系列政策措施并受到一些负面影响。同时，在借鉴国际可持续生计框架模型的基础上，添加后代子女教育这一反映长时期可持续生计能力的维度，构建更为适合中国相对贫困这一国情的可持续生计评价指标体系，对研究区不同类型农户的可持续生计水平进行定量评价，发现代际可持续性是导致长时期农户间生计可持续性分化的根本原因。然后，针对封山育林、植树种草、低效林改造和种植果树4种普遍实行的水土保持方法的成本效率进行系统评价，研究结果表明，成本效率从高到低依次为种植果树、封山育林、低效林改造和植树种草，将崩岗改造成现代化果园的治理模式过于昂贵，经济可行性较低。最后，对社区旅游和增强农户气候变化适应能力这两种方法能否实现生态脆弱区农户可持续生计进行了系统综述，结果表明两种路径对农户可持续生计的影响存在不确定性，许多关键因素制约着其效应的发挥。总之，本研究按原计划历经四年圆满完成课题的研究任务，在国外期刊上发表5篇SCI论文、1篇SSCI论文、4篇国内中文核心论文和6篇国内大学学报论文，参加国内学术会议5人次，培养硕士研究生5名，顺利完成了项目的研究内容，并超额完成了项目的预期成果。