基于物种分布模型(SDMs)的珍稀喙凤蝶两姊妹种地理分布、生态位及其保护研究

Only two sister species are in Teinopalpus, T.aureus and T.imperialis, distributing along Wuyi Mountain, Nanling Mountain, Himalaya peripheral and Indochina. Sympatric occurrence were observed in two sisters but with different distributional range geographically, and they also feed the same Magnoliaceae plants but again on different species. Basing on the theory of niche, we inferred that they could show similar niche but with some differentiation. This study will use species distribution modelling (SDMs) to establish the prediction models basing on the presence data of butterfly, after evaluating several model ways. With good models we predict the potential distribution and hotspot areas in the two sister butterflies. Then we take use of SDMs to calculate niche overlap and differentiation index with the operation of new methods. We then infer the evolution and conservatism of Teinopalpus species and subspecies. Furthermore, we use land use and SRES A2 and B2 to establish models, and predict the potential distribution and changes in two sisters, as well as investigating the key factors or threats, the suitable habitat demanded by the butterflies. Results could be a key reference for the protection of the two rare butterflies. Also, considering that Teinopalpus spp. are most important butterflies of protection in study region, where, so far, still little is known about the distribution and dynamic about butterflies, which actually show a remarkable high diversity. So, results could also make some critical implications for the future protection of butterfly of this region.

喙凤蝶属Teinopalpus仅金斑喙凤蝶、金带喙凤蝶两姊妹种，沿武夷山-南岭-喜马拉雅、中南半岛发生，同域出现但分布各异，寄主同是木兰科但种类不同，据生态位理论，推测其生态位可能既相似又分化。本次拟利用多年采集的蝴蝶、寄主发生点数据，精选几种物种分布模型(SDMs)建立蝴蝶环境生态位模型，预测两者潜在分布与热点发生区；基于所获模型，用生态位分化、重叠、相等测量最新方法，比较两姊妹种间及亚种间生态位重叠、分化特征，掌握喙凤蝶生态位保守或进化状况，部分回答其仍具争议的种或亚种间关系。另用土地利用、未来情景SRES A2和B2数据建模型，预测喙凤蝶在人类干扰、气候变暖下的潜在分布与变化，了解关键或威胁因子及潜在适宜生境范围，预期未来发生格局，为珍稀喙凤蝶保护及未来措施作重要参考。而喙凤蝶是其发生区保护地位最高蝶种，且区内蝶类多样性奇高却研究很少，本次对该区蝶类未来动态及多样性保护具有启示作用。

.喙凤蝶属Teinopalpus仅有金斑喙凤蝶T.aureus(ta)、金带喙凤蝶T.imperialis(ti)两姊妹种，它们同域发生，在部分亚洲山地重叠分布，且在并存点记录到其杂合个体，种间关系存疑。本次从历史文献资料、数据平台等系统采集喙凤蝶发生记录，并在未知区重点调查、取样，获得两姊妹种相对完整的地理分布数据，再基于生态位理论、资源生境概念，利用重叠度与相似性检测、生态位模型、分子标记等，围绕两姊妹种适生性分布、生态位关系、遗传分化等内容开展研究， .得到的主要结论：（部分已公开发表学术论文4篇、会议报告2篇；在撰写或已投出论文多篇；已出版学术著作1本等）.（1）揭示两姊妹种地理分布格局，ta以南岭、武夷山脉为主体，ti以喜马拉雅山脉为主体，但它们在哀牢山脉、黄连山脉、长山山脉重叠、并存；.（2）揭示未来气候变暖情景下，喙凤蝶高适生分布区2050年可能较2019年减少40.1%；.（3）两姊妹种亚种分类文献多，存在“过度亚种化”，并据地理隔离与表型差异原则，提出部分亚种合并修订建议；.（4）建立两姊妹种生态位，揭示其保守性与种间、种下生态位关系，发现喙凤蝶地形、植被生态位偏保守，而气候、土壤生态位出现分化；并发现ta比ti生态位保守性更高，而两者的种下生态位都出现了分化趋势明显的亚种或地理种群；.（5）九连山案例研究表明，喙凤蝶生境选择性强，海拔高度与可利用寄主资源是驱使或限制其发生的关键，暗示关于喙凤蝶的保护行动可在资源保护、恢复上寻求突破；.（6）开发了喙凤蝶无创DNA取样技术，从粪便、蜕皮、蛹壳等成功获得DNA，用于线粒体基因标记与分析，方法可推广到其他昆虫；（7）基于18个地理种群线粒体基因的比对，提出“金斑喙凤蝶更原始”的观点，与前期“金带喙凤蝶更原始”观点不同。且推断喙凤蝶属物种分化中心在广西、贵州交界地带，而并非前期推断的“云南中心”的观点。..以上新提观点值得其他分子标记研究求证，尤其补充更多取样点后。而喙凤蝶生态位保护性也暗示：维持地形、植被环境稳定是其保护行动的最低限度。