“反向创新”形成机理、影响与中国化路径研究

As an improved approach to global innovation strategies of multinational corporations, "Reverse innovation" is already well-received and many multinational corporations have already applied it.Even in China,"Reverse innovation" has received extensive attentions from both academia and industries since the concept was put forward in 2009，thus, China needs to understand it more and find ways to use it in China. .The proposed project designs its research plan based on the principles of "Thoroughly oberserving facts,clearly understanding the process, and effectively proposing strategies": First, expand the understanding of "reverse innovation" in terms of innovation category, innovation process, industry maturity, and innovation executors, to uncover its representative characteristics, driving forces, and evolution process. .Next, identify the success factors of "reverse innovation"; analyze the technology and market search mechanisms in the "reverse innovation" process, the coorindation of technology and non-technology-related behaviors,and the "synergistic parent-child effect" between multinational corporations and their subsidiaries. .Finally, develop application research; analyze the impact of "reverse innovation" of multinational coporations on Chinese industries, how to protect Chinese interests in the cooperation between China and foreign countries; propose strategies and countermeasures for implementing "reverse innovation" in China; and develop a "reverse innovation capability" indexing system as a tool for innovation management. .To achieve the above plan, the project will investigate and analyze a number of representative medium to large industries and major case studies as the base, and combine it with additional empirical studies. The research results are expected to enrich the perspective of innovation management. As a result, the main-stream theoretical concepts in the fields of innovation management, industry globalization, multinational corporation management, and foreign direct invetment (FDI) will be deepened and integrated to fully understand "reverse innovation." The research results will guide the development and implementation for catch-up innovation management under the new circumstance in China.

"反向创新" 概念自2009提出以来，作为全球化创新战略的升级模式已经被学术界、实业界广泛接受。现实中，该模式业已被许多跨国公司所采用，中国本土企业如何实施"反向创新"尚有待深入研究。.围绕"洞察现实、明晰机理、提出对策"设定研究内容：首先在创新类型、创新过程、产业成熟度、创新执行者等方面拓展反向创新的内涵、揭示其典型模式、动因与演化过程。进一步识别影响因素，剖析反向创新过程中的技术、市场搜索机制、技术与非技术行为协同及跨国公司母子公司间的"母合"效应。最后开展应用研究，分析跨国公司反向创新对我国产业及技术的影响，中外合作过程中的中方利益保护，提出中国特色情境下反向创新的适用模式与路径，开发"反向创新能力"指标体系作为企业创新管理的工具。.课题以跨案例研究方法为主，并融合实证研究。研究结果将丰富创新管理、企业国际化、跨国公司管理等理论，指导中国新形势下的企业创新追赶管理实践。

逆向创新这一概念首先在2009年被GE的CEO伊梅尔特与其他几位专家提出来，进一步在2012年以专著的形式进行深入介绍。指那些在新兴市场首先投放，引入发达国家后也获得了成功，反直觉与反传统的创新形态。后发企业完成的本土创新，进一步扩散到发达国家才可谓之为真正的意义上“逆向创新”。因此研究后发企业逆向创新案例及其逆向创新机制更具有现实和理论意义。.首先，课题对后发企业逆向创新的类型进行理论提炼。基于后发企业在“概念化”环节与“研究开发”环节的主导深度，通过多案例研究归纳了四种创新类型并总结了相对应的创新策略组合。研究发现：其一，后发企业逆向创新的机会是多元的，存在于创新链多个环节，后发企业应善于挖掘创新链上潜在的多种创新机会；其二，研发并非后发企业逆向创新活动的主要和唯一方式，后发企业应重视弱研发创新；其三，后发企业为支撑逆向创新实现还应树立创新策略组合的观念，尤其是应关注“竞速”策略和“利基”策略的组合。.进一步，课题分析逆向创新的机会及能力支撑体系。研究表明：利基市场和主流市场均可以作为逆向创新活动的基点，且利基市场的创新机会包括流程利基和产品利基；不同的逆向创新机会，所需能力体系存在差异。流程利基需要组织学习能力、技术搜索能力及市场推广能力的支撑，产品利基需要合作学习能力、技术适应性改进能力及市场特性认知能力的支撑。主流市场导向需要自主研发能力和多渠道利用外部资源能力。.第三，识别了不同行业企业逆向创新海外扩散的核心影响因素。其中技术地方化、国际联接、组织学习是影响制造业和工程技术服务业后发企业逆向创新海外扩散的共性因素。同时，归纳了后发企业逆向创新海外扩散过程中关键因素演变的若干规律。研究结果表明后发企业逆向创新国际扩散阶段需要充分利用本土特有的创新资源，这些资源为海外扩散提供了比较优势；多元化的国际联接是后发企业逆向创新海外扩散的重要支撑。