基于"驻点"分布规律的江南私家园林空间路径量化研究

Chinese Classical Garden is the essence of Chinese culture. However, Chinese Classical Garden has come to a heritage dilemma because of its profound and indescribable aesthetic characteristics; as previous studies are mainly qualitative descriptions based on artistic and historical documents, operational and practical design theories in consistent with Chinese internal behavior characteristics are in serious lack. Path, with multiple functions including organizing tour routes, guiding visitors, dividing spaces and connecting view spots, is the skeleton and structure of the Chinese Classical Gardens. So, exploring inherent regulations of path is of great significance for understanding the innate character of Chinese gardens. In this study, we will firstly propose the concept of stationary point and apply the machine vision technology to investigate the point distribution based on the visitor distribution with special focus on 2 private gardens in Jiangnan. After analyzing settings of different proportions of visitors, the stationary points will be graded and classified to summarize their distribution patterns on different grades, which is followed by close investigation of stationary point distribution into "garden" spaces and "courtyard" spaces. Then, combined with the stationary point research, measurement of related elements of garden path will contribute to reveal the inherent regulations of path. Altogether, thorough quantitative studies using analysis software will be conducted in the end on comprehensive aspects such as topological properties, to reveal the internal rules and characteristics hidden in the garden path, to introduce new methods and new fields to the study of classical gardens, and to lay a foundation for exploring the approach to the Chinese Modern landscape design theoretically and practically.

中国古典园林是中华文化精华。因其博大精深、不可确指的审美特征，传统研究又多以文学、艺术化定性描述为主，使园林传承陷入前所未有的困境，也让实践中可操作、符合中国人内在行为特征的风景园林设计理论研究遭遇瓶颈。园林路径具有交通、游览、空间划分、连接各功能区及景点等综合功能，是园林的骨架与"血脉",探索路径的内在规律对了解中国园林本质特征具有重要意义。本研究选取江南私家园林为研究对象，提出园林路径驻点概念，运用机器视觉技术，研究驻点游人分布规律，精确驻点分布；通过驻点游人量比分析，研究驻点分级，探求不同级别驻点分布规律；提出"园"及"院"空间概念，量化比较其驻点分布；通过对园林路径各要素的测量，结合驻点研究，分析路径内在规律；运用相关分析软件对园林路径进行拓扑特性等综合量化研究，探寻隐藏于园林路径表象之中的内在规律与特性，开启传统园林研究的新方法新领域，为探索中国现代风景园林设计理论方法奠定基础。

园林景区，无论大小，游人的游憩活动主要都集中于一些特殊“点”处，通过对这些点的游人分布规律研究，可以分析传统园林游人的游赏路径选择、园林空间吸引力等，进而分析园林空间布局的奥妙。本项目采集了留园、网师园不同季节共166个驻点的视频数据，并自主开发了园林景区游人驻留量分析软件；提出驻点假说、驻点理论推导与修正、驻点验证方法、驻点验证与分析指标体系，从而构建了园林景区游人行为及偏好研究的新方法——驻点研究法；验证了驻点的客观存在，并进行分级；通过驻点游人分布，研究了留园、网师园空间艺术特征、驻点吸引力成因；通过分析驻点数量、密度、分布率、各等级驻点量比与权重等，对留园、网师园不同空间类型驻点的分布规律及其吸引力进行了研究，进而探讨了古典园林游赏吸引力的空间构成、传统园林空间特征与古今游人的适应性；对留园、网师园“园空间”和“院空间”特征进行了比较分析；通过视频回放，研究了留园、网师园中游人赏景偏好及路径选择偏好；计算游人停驻时间为5、12、20s时的各驻点与全园游人分布密度比较系数K值，并与通过《景区最大承载量核定导则》计算出的游人承载量比较，初步研究了网师园“驻点”游人日时空分布特征及对旅游舒适度的影响；结合问卷调查与驻点游人分布规律，初步研究了留园、网师园游人驻足行为与驻点吸引力关系。目前由项目资助共培养硕士研究生11名，其中已毕业7名，4名在读，获得软件著作权3项，发表核心期刊论文4篇，1篇已被录用，还有3篇正在投稿中（其中包括1个SCI期刊）。项目总经费75万，支出56.9451万元，各项支出基本与预算相符，结余金费计划用于本项目的后续支出。