旅游开发的景观响应-价值-服务评价及其调控机制研究 ——以九寨沟自然保护区为例

With the development of tourism exploitation, landscape sensitivity and vulnerability of the ecosystem is increasingly apparent. Landscape ecology is in a position to become the basis for sustainable landscape development. Landscape response, landscape services, and landscape values gradually became the focus of the landscape ecology research. The research assesses the landscape services and values on case study of Jiuzhaigou reserve..Firstly, the research assesses response of the landscape spatial structure arrangement and water quality to tourism development, shows the complex and dynamic relationships between humans and the natural environment. .Secondly, the research evaluates the values of visual landscape by the landscape reputation, landscape sensitivity, landscape visual bearing capacity and public preferences. The R&F model used to measure the visual bearing capacity is a innovation of the study..Thirdly, this research evaluates the potential of using local stakeholders as key informants in the spatial assessment of landscape service indicators. The concept of "Landscape Service" was proposed by Termorshuizen and Opdam, that landscapes should be seen as spatial human-ecological systems delivering functions valued by humans, and that humans change the landscape to improve its functioning, to obtain added ecological, social and economic value. Community residents are the experts who are able to identify and map different landscape- attached values, perceptions and services.So, the research will establish a framework of material and non-material, cultural landscape service indicators, in semi-structured interviews, these indicators are mapped at a local scale on an aerial image, then, the collected data on the indicators are described and spatially characterised. The spatial relationships between the landscape service indicators and linkages to existing land resources can be analysed in order to establish an understanding of existing landscape level service structures, patterns and diversity..The research aims at proposing a multi-partition and multi-level service value evaluation mechanism, realizing and preserving landscape services, divide the different grade protective areas and vulnerable areas, maintaining the healthy development of the nature reserve.

本课题基于景观系统的视角对旅游开发下的景观响应、景观价值和景观服务进行评估究。首先，对人类活动与生态环境的关系进行分析，以景观响应来表现景观系统在旅游活动下的生态演化；其次，从视觉角度进行景观价值评价，利用GIS空间分析技术进行视觉范围内的景观质量、承载力、敏感度、冲击力和偏爱度研究，确定景观阀值，根据景观分析模型得到数据量化支持的理想的景观空间；同时，基于社区居民参与，建立物质与非物质景观的服务指标体系，对景观服务不同指标进行绘图标记，分析研究区域范围内景观服务的空间异质性和多功能性；最后，依据景观响应、景观价值和景观服务的评价结果，划定不同等级的景观质量、景观保护和景观功能区域，建立合理的调控机制，维护景观系统的生态健康，提高旅游开发的科学、合理性，保证旅游地人地关系的协调发展。

摘要：系统分析人类活动与景观系统的作用过程，维护旅游地景观系统环境质量、功能和服务价值的有效实现是迫切需要解决的问题。本课题以九寨沟自然保护区为研究对象，收集相关年份的Landsat TM等遥感影像数据、矢量数据、实地水质检测数据和访谈问卷数据，构建保护区景观服务指标体系与评价标准，运用参与式地理信息系统技术进行景观服务评估和景观视觉质量评价，同时展开人类活动干扰下景观响应研究，包括碳排放和管理、环境政策可持续性、生态系统服务变化和人造廊道景观破碎化研究。得出重要结果：（1）不同景观服务存在空间相关性，有集聚现象。居民对景观服务感知差异较大，主要来自居民点附近，随着与居民点距离加大，景观服务点密度逐渐降低。（2）景观服务类别在不同区域分布不均衡。树正沟和扎如沟的景观服务分布密集度最大，游憩服务、支持服务、供给服务和生态服务在树正沟分布密度最大，文化服务在扎如沟分布密度最大。（3）景观服务指标密度与离散度呈正相关性。其他珍稀动物密度和离散度均最大，空间离散度最高；精神信仰、污水处理、民俗与节庆活动以及野营旅游密度最低，空间离散度低。（4）游憩价值分解得出，高山湖泊、瀑布、滩流，珍稀动物，森林游憩，地质美景、藏族村寨和观赏植物的游憩价值分别为2.26亿元、1.66亿元、1.11亿元、1.15亿元、0.77亿元和0.37亿元。单位价值高的游憩服务点主要集中在树正沟、日则沟、则查洼沟和扎如沟的沿沟谷地带。（5）景色质量评价结果最佳的为树正沟、日则沟、则查洼沟和扎如沟，占研究区总面积14.8%。（6）树正沟景观视觉敏感度最高，日则沟景点在一级敏感度内，丹祖沟整个区域景观视觉敏感度普遍偏低。（7）诺日朗游客中心附近各景区范围内景观视觉吸收力很强，最高区域为扎如沟的纳西寨和树正寨。则查洼沟、日则沟和丹祖沟总体随海拔增高呈减弱趋势。（8）树正寨、诺日朗游客中心和镜海景观视觉质量综合评价最高，扎如沟景观规划潜力最大，对未来景观管理和开发中有重要影响。