自然保护区旅游干扰与生态敏感性对照研究——以九寨沟国家级自然保护区为例

Tourism disturbance and ecological sensitivity are meaningful for the environment protection of nature reserves. According to current research, there are still some aspects needing improvement, including construction of evaluation index system for tourism disturbance, definition of research scope of ecological sensitivity and construction of evaluation index system for ecological sensitivity. Taking geography and ecology as the theoretical foundation, we will evaluate tourism disturbance and ecological sensitivity of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve and contrast the evaluation results. The evaluation and contrasting research are based on high-resolution image, digitalized topography map and vegetation classification map. Several methods will be applied in the research, such as spatial statistics, multiple-factor analysis, sample plot investigation and scientific experiment. During the research process, we will firstly select certain elevation standard to divide the case area. Then tourism disturbance index system will be constructed from regional level and sample plot level.The evaluation of tourism disturbance use distance threshold judgement and landscape pattern analysis. As to ecological sensitivity, the construction of evaluation index system will focus on soil erosion and vegetation ecological sensitivity. And the evaluation index system of vegetation ecological sensitivity will adopt the biomass and production of plant community. On the base of contrasting of tourism disturbance grade and ecological sensitivity grade, environment protection suggestions for the case area will be put forward.

旅游干扰与生态敏感性研究对自然保护区环境保护具有重要意义。从研究现状来看，目前在旅游干扰评价指标体系构建、生态敏感性研究范畴界定和评价指标体系构建方面仍有待进一步完善。本课题以地理学和生态学为理论基础，结合空间统计方法、多因子评价方法、样方调查法和科学实验法等方法，以高分辨率遥感影像、数字地形图、植被类型图为信息源，对九寨沟国家级自然保护区的旅游干扰与生态敏感性进行评价和对照。研究过程中，首先选取一定的海拔范围对案例区实施分区；其次从区域水平和样方水平两方面构建旅游干扰评价指标体系，旅游干扰评价中，使用了距离阈值判断、景观格局分析等技术。生态敏感性方面，围绕土壤侵蚀敏感性和植被生态敏感性两方面构建评价指标体系，在植被生态敏感性评价中，将植物群落生物量和生产力纳入评价体系。在对照旅游干扰等级与生态敏感性等级的基础上，提出环境保护对策建议。

本项目以九寨沟旅游区为例，对旅游干扰与生态敏感性分别开展评价，并对照两者评价结果，旨在为九寨沟自然保护区及相似案例地的环境管理提供有益参考。项目主体研究内容包括旅游区界定与分区、旅游区旅游干扰评价和旅游区生态敏感性评价三个部分。在旅游区界定与分区方面，确定九寨沟自然保护区的实验区为旅游区，并选取海拔200米作为分区标准，将旅游区划为6个分区。旅游区旅游干扰评价包括总体旅游干扰评价、土壤和植被旅游干扰评价三个方面。在总体旅游干扰评价中，解译九寨沟旅游区Pléiades 2米多光谱卫星数据，形成旅游区景观类型图并计算景观格局指数，从旅游利用幅度和旅游利用强度两方面构建旅游干扰度指标，对旅游区总体旅游干扰水平开展评价，结果表明总体旅游干扰水平较低，且随海拔增加呈下降趋势。土壤旅游干扰评价中，选取田间持水量、容重、 pH值、有机质、全钾、全氮和全磷等理化特征指标，构建土壤旅游干扰指数，并对选取的6处样地开展评价，评价结果显示各样地土壤所受到的旅游干扰程度排序为荷叶寨、五花海、诺日朗、长海、箭竹海、原始森林。在植被旅游干扰评价中，选取乔木层盖度、幼苗数量、灌木层盖度、灌木层高度、草本层高度、草本层盖度、灌木层香农指数、草本层香农指数和喜湿耐荫物种数，构建植被旅游干扰指数，并对选取的6处样地开展评价，评价结果显示各样地植被所受到的旅游干扰程度排序为熊猫海、原始森林、镜海、沟口、长海、箭竹海。结合旅游区的地理环境特点，生态敏感性评价包括土壤侵蚀敏感性和生境敏感性两方面。土壤侵蚀敏感性评价中，选取降雨侵蚀力、土壤质地、坡度和地表覆盖四个因子，生境敏感性评价主要依据植物物种保护等级和物种数。评价结果显示，旅游区为土壤侵蚀中度敏感地区。在生境敏感性方面，1区至3区为生境高度敏感区，4区至6区则为生境极敏感区。综合旅游干扰与生态敏感性两方面评价结果，研究人员认为应继续保护整体环境，同时应加强对局部地区的保护工作。