近代闽粤侨乡及东南亚侨居地侨批馆建筑的多重网络特征研究

ABSTRACT： Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall is a unique type of architecture of the home town of overseas Chinese in Fujian and Guangdong. It is mainly distributed in southern Fujian, eastern Guangdong and foreign residence in Southeast Asia. Its function is to collect, transport and mail the remittance. Depending on the complex operation network of the Overseas remittance industry, they are widely distributed at home and abroad, presenting multi--network characteristics based on geopolitical, kinship, ethnographic, karmic and other natural and socio-economic relations. The geopolitical network determines the centrality of the space location of the Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall and provides material support for other network types. Under the influence of kinship, the Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall shows the hierarchical characteristics under the family-owned management. Under the influence of the kinship network, the Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall have many regional characteristics and shows a diversity of architectural forms. Under the influence of the karmic network, the Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall shows the feature of the dependence of functional space and the uniformity of the architectural form. In the meantime, it’s regional characteristics is weakened and international features are promoted. The evolution from bloodlines to karmic networks reflects the near-modernization process of the Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall. Its technical characteristics also developed from elaborate handcraft art to homogeneous production of city architectural space. In addition, due to the differentia influence of the land cultural corridor and marine cultural network on the spread of architectural culture, the clues for the development of Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall in Home town of Overseas Chinese are clear and definite. The development motivation of Overseas Chinese Remittance Agency Hall in foreign residence is complicated and plural styles.

摘要：侨批馆建筑是近代闽粤侨乡所特有的建筑类型，主要分布于闽南、粤东地区及东南亚侨居地，其功能用于收揽、承转、解付华侨侨批。侨批馆建筑依托侨批业复杂的经营网络在海内外广泛分布，呈现出基于地缘、血缘、乡缘、业缘等自然关系和社会经济关系的多重网络特征。地缘网络决定了侨批馆建筑空间区位的中心性，并为其它网络类型提供了物质依托；在血缘网络影响下，侨批馆建筑表现出家族式经营下的层级性特征；在乡缘网络影响下，侨批馆建筑表现出多样化的建筑形态和地域乡土特色；而在业缘网络影响下，侨批馆建筑表现出功能空间的依附性特点，同时地域性减弱，国际性增强。从血缘到业缘网络的进化反映了侨批馆建筑的近现代化过程，其技术特征也由匠人营造的精雕细刻发展成为城市建筑空间生产的高效均一。此外，受陆地文化通廊和海洋文化网络对建筑文化传播的差异性影响，侨乡侨批馆建筑发展线索清晰明确，而海外侨居地侨批馆建筑发展动因复杂，风格多元。

近代海外华侨在向国内侨眷寄送书信和钱款时，为求便捷，常将二者合而为一，称为侨批。经营侨批的产业繁荣于19世纪末至20世纪中叶，在中国闽粤侨乡及东南亚各侨居地形成了基于地缘、血缘、乡缘、业缘等传统社会关系的跨国社会网络。相应的，侨批业的经营场所也开始于传统的社会空间，如旅店、住宅、商铺等，并逐渐形成专门的建筑场所——侨批馆。在国内侨乡，侨批馆为适应其所处的地域和区位，建筑样式较为多元化。在开埠港口城市主要表现为店屋，如厦门多为骑楼，汕头则包括骑楼和无外廊的多层店屋。在内地城镇和乡村，除店屋外，侨批馆有和住宅建筑结合的倾向，尤其是采用外廊式洋楼，或带有西化元素的传统民居样式。在东南亚侨居地，侨批馆基本为店屋建筑形式，新加坡和泰国曼谷分别是马来半岛和中南半岛有代表性的侨批业中心。本项目对新加坡历史上111家侨批馆的空间位置、现状、所属族群和建筑风格进行了统计分析，认为其表现出基于闽帮、潮帮和琼帮等族群差异而分区、聚集的空间分布特征，以及彰显华族身份意识的建筑风格特征；另一方面，曼谷侨批馆今天多已不存，仅从当地店屋形式看，鲜有骑楼，均为带天井的檐廊式或无廊式店屋，从中可窥见我国传统天井式店屋对中南半岛地域商贸建筑的强烈影响。.侨批馆建筑现象说明了从中国传统社会土壤中进化出新的经济形态和与之相适应的建筑环境形态的可能性，对于当今相关建筑遗产的活态保护和再利用具有重要的借鉴意义。而店屋作为侨批馆最主要的建筑形式载体，因移民族群、殖民势力、历史传统和地理气候差异而展现出丰富多样的建筑特征。因此，通过加强对东南亚地区，尤其是泰国、越南、缅甸等东南半岛国家檐廊式、无廊式建筑的研究，与东南半岛普遍建设的骑楼建筑进行对比，有助于我们加深对中华建筑文化圈辐射范围的认知，进而把握近代殖民时期东西方建筑文化碰撞、交流过程的全貌，为21世纪海上丝路沿线的文化和经济建设提供借鉴参考。