水中纳秒脉冲电晕放电处理医药废水的研究

Under the grim water pollution situation in China, pharmaceutical wastewater which is difficult to degrade contains high concentration of bio-toxic substances and easily causes cancer and malformation to human beings, becoming a threat to the environment and human health. Due to the advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, rapid, and no secondary pollution, treating the wastewater with low-temperature plasma technology has become the most potential among many wastewater treatment technologies. However, this technology is still confined in the laboratory because of three major problems including high energy consumption, small amount of processing, poor treating effect for some compounds. As a visiting scholar of INP in Germany, the applicant proposed to use the RF switches to develop a high-frequency pulsed power and excite low-temperature plasma directly in wastewater to degrade the organic compounds in it. The influence of the discharging parameters on the intensity of plasma and degrading effect will be investigated. The pulse width will be shortened to avoid joule heating, and the repetitive frequency be increased to shorten the treating time and expand the amount of treatment. Since the discharges happen directly in the water, the strong oxidizing particles can react with the pollutants in the first time so as to improve the degradation efficiency. The degradation efficiency of different antibiotics will be studied. Combined with chemical catalysis, the introduction of bubbles and other means such as biological treatment technology, different pharmaceutic wastewater will be treated in personalized treatment program to achieve comprehensive purification of pharmaceutical wastewater. The principle about the degradation efficiency of organic macromolecules using plasma will also be studied. Taking into account of the large-scale needs, both the pulse generator and reactor will be modularized to achieve on-demand adjustment of processing capacity, speeding up the industrial application of this technology.

国内水污染形势严峻，而医药废水是难降解的高浓度有机废水，具有致癌、致畸等作用, 对生态环境和人类健康危害巨大。低温等离子体处理废水是一种简单、高效、迅速、无二次污染的处理技术，具有广阔的应用前景。该技术目前仍未能走出实验室的三大难题是能耗高、处理量小、对部分有机物处理效果不明显。在德国INP等离子所访学期间，申请人提出用纳秒高压脉冲直接在水中进行电晕放电，研究放电条件对等离子体浓度以及降解效率的影响规律，压缩脉宽以避免焦耳热，提高重频以缩短处理时间扩大处理量，水中放电产生强氧化性活性粒子直接与污染物作用，综合提高降解效率；研究不同抗生素降解效率差异的原因，结合化学催化、引入气泡等手段和其它生物处理等技术，博采众长，针对性地制定个性化处理方案，全面净化医药废水。研究影响等离子体降解有机大分子效率的规律，同时考虑模块化设计脉冲源和放电反应器，实现按需调节处理量，加快该技术的工业推广。

医药废水具有致癌、致畸等作用,对生态环境和人类健康危害巨大。低温等离子体处理医药废水是高效、无二次污染的处理技术，具有广阔的应用前景。本课题首先用固态Marx和直线变压器驱动器LTD方案分别模块化设计研制了两台脉宽为100ns~400ns的高压脉冲电源和线对网的同轴结构放电反应器，在此基础上用纳秒高压脉冲直接在水中进行电晕放电，研究放电条件对等离子体浓度以及降解效率的影响规律，发现放电强度和放电次数越高，降解效率越高，且水中放电电晕发展的速度约为29km/s，不同抗生素降解效率差异的主要原因取决于其化学结构的稳定性，推算出将抗生素的浓度降低一个数量级所需要的的电能能耗为双氯酚需27kWh/m3，而泛影酸盐需要430kWh/m3。利用水中产生强氧化性活性粒子直接与污染物作用，提高了降解效率；通过压缩脉宽以避免焦耳热，提高放电频率以缩短处理时间扩大处理量，模块化设计使得反应器很容易并联，可按需调节处理量，加快该技术的工业推广。